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The '''Schengen Area''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|ŋ|ən}} {{respell|SHENG|ən}}, {{IPA-ltz|ˈʃæŋən|Lang|Lb-Schengen.ogg}}) is an area encompassing {{SCHENGENnum}} [[Europe]]an countries that have officially abolished [[border control]]s at their mutual borders. Being an element within the wider [[area of freedom, security and justice]] policy of the [[European Union]] (EU), it mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under [[visa policies in the European Union|a common visa policy]] for international travel purposes. The area is named after the 1985 [[Schengen Agreement]] and the 1990 [[Schengen Convention]], both signed in [[Schengen, Luxembourg]].
Of the
In addition to the member states of the European Union, all member states of the [[European Free Trade Association]], namely [[Iceland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Norway]] and [[Switzerland]], have signed association agreements with the EU to be part of the Schengen Area. Moreover, the territory of four [[Microstates and the European Union|microstates]]{{snd}}[[Andorra]],<ref name="amt.de">{{cite web |title=Schengener Übereinkommen |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/visa-und-aufenthalt/schengen/207786?enodia=eyJleHAiOjE3MTczMzYyNTYsImNvbnRlbnQiOnRydWUsImF1ZCI6ImF1dGgiLCJIb3N0Ijoid3d3LmF1c3dhZXJ0aWdlcy1hbXQuZGUiLCJTb3VyY2VJUCI6IjE5Mi40Mi4xMTYuMTgzIiwiQ29uZmlnSUQiOiI4ZGFkY2UxMjVmZDJjMzkzMmI5NDNiNTJlOWQyY2Q2NTA1NzU0ZTE2MjIxMmEyY2UxYmI1YWYxNWMwZDRiYmZlIn0=.Kmo7KJpPY6Jl7kyHVksveFQ4y_OtZZWpLfDh6My6ZXI=#content_6 |website=auswaertiges-amt.de |publisher=[[German Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=2 June 2024 |language=de}}</ref> [[Monaco]], [[San Marino]] and [[Vatican City]]{{snd}}
The Schengen Area has a population of more than 450 million people and an area of {{convert|4595131|km2|sqmi|0}}. About 1.7 million people commute to work across an internal European border each day, and in some regions these people constitute up to a third of the workforce. In 2015, there were 1.3 billion crossings of Schengen borders in total. Fifty-seven million crossings were due to transport of goods by road, with a value of €2.8 trillion.<ref name="europarl"/><ref name="ECFR">{{cite web |title=The Future of Schengen |author=European Council on Foreign Relations |date=2016 |access-date=2017-06-15 |url=http://www.ecfr.eu/specials/scorecard/schengen_flash_scorecard}}</ref><ref name="barriers">{{cite news |title=Schengen's economic impact: Putting up barriers |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=2016-02-06| access-date=2017-06-15 |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21690065-permanent-reintroduction-border-controls-would-harm-trade-europe-putting-up-barriers}}</ref> The decrease in the cost of trade due to Schengen varies from 0.42% to 1.59% depending on geography, trade partners, and other factors. Countries outside of the Schengen Area also benefit.<ref name="CEPR"/> States in the Schengen Area have strengthened border controls with non-Schengen countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=The refugee crisis: Fixing Schengen is not enough |url=https://www.cer.eu/insights/refugee-crisis-fixing-schengen-not-enough |access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
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Before the [[First World War]], most countries of the world, including Europe, had lax border policies, facilitating such educational trips as the [[Grand Tour]] amongst the upper classes.
Visas became commonplace during the [[interwar period]], as did border controls. After the [[Second World War]], however, customs unions arose between various European countries. The [[Nordic Passport Union|Nordic countries allowed free movement and residence between them in 1954]], and the countries of [[Benelux]] abolished their mutual borders in 1960. This reflected a greater trend towards European integration; the [[European Communities]] (EC), the predecessor of the EU, was established in the 1950s for economic cooperation, though it did not deal with border control issues.
===Schengen Agreement===
{{Main|Schengen Agreement}}
The
The Agreement was supplemented in 1990 by the Schengen Convention, which proposed the abolition of internal border controls and a common visa policy.<ref name="Baltic Legal">{{citation |title=Schengen area by Latvian Law Firm |publisher=Baltic Legal |url=http://www.immigration-residency.eu/counsel/schengen-area/}}</ref> The Agreements and the rules adopted under them
As more EU member states signed the Schengen Agreement, consensus was reached on absorbing it into the procedures of the EU. The Agreement and its related conventions were incorporated into the mainstream of [[European Union law]] by the [[Amsterdam Treaty]] in 1997, which came into effect in 1999. A consequence of the Agreement being part of European law is that any amendment or regulation is made within its processes, in which the non-EU members are not participants.
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On 30 December 2023, an agreement was reached for Bulgaria and Romania to join the Schengen Area for air and sea travel on 31 March 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schengen area: Controls at air and sea borders with Bulgaria and Romania will be lifted - European Commission |url=https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/news/schengen-area-controls-air-and-sea-borders-bulgaria-and-romania-will-be-lifted-2024-01-03_en |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=home-affairs.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_6861 | title=Press corner }}</ref> with land borders to be discussed later that year.<ref name="HÜLSEMANN-2023">{{cite web |last1=HÜLSEMANN |first1=LAURA |title=Romania, Bulgaria set to partially enter Schengen zone in March |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/romania-bulgaria-eu-schengen-zone-march-2024/ |website=Politico |date=28 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref> Lifting air and sea borders is less controversial from a migrant control perspective, because airlines are already required to check identity documents before boarding. Due to anti-terrorism legislation, this has long been common practice, even for routes within the same country.
On 22 November 2024, Austria agreed to lift its veto on Bulgaria and Romania's full accession. The final decision is expected at a meeting of the Council of the European Union on 12 December 2024, potentially enabling Bulgaria and Romania to become full members of the Schengen Area on 1 January 2025.<ref>https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/11/22/austria-lifts-long-held-veto-on-the-schengen-accession-of-romania-and-bulgaria</ref> However, land borders controls between Hungary and Romania and between Romania and Bulgaria will be maintained for at least for six more months.<ref>[https://www.romaniajournal.ro/politics/romania-land-checks-for-6-months/]</ref>
==Current members==
{{Schengen Agreement Labelled Map 2}}
The Schengen Area consists of {{SCHENGENnum}} countries, including four which are not members of the [[European Union]] (EU). Two of the non-EU members{{snd}}[[Iceland]] and [[Norway]]{{snd}}are part of the [[Nordic Passport Union]] and are officially classified as states associated with the Schengen activities of the EU.<ref name="associated-states"/> [[Switzerland]] was allowed to participate in the same manner in 2008, and [[Liechtenstein]] in 2011. [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]], the newest
''De facto'', the Schengen Area also includes four European micro-states{{snd}} Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City{{snd}}that maintain open or semi-open borders with other Schengen member countries.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.schengenvisas.com/list-of-non-schengen-countries-that-can-be-visited-with-a-schengen-visa/ |title= List of non-Schengen countries that can be visited with a Schengen visa |publisher= YOYO TRAVELS, Dubai |date=2021-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.exteriors.ad/en/travel-to-andorra |title=Travel to Andorra |publisher= Govern d'Andorra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.andorraresorts.com/blog/2022/andorra-schengen-area |title=Andorra and the Schengen Area |publisher= Andorra Resorts |date=2022-03-08}}</ref>
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|style="text-align:right" |{{UN_Population|Bulgaria}}
|style="text-align:right;"|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|4|25}}<ref name="2007enlarge">{{cite web|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2005017|title=Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Member States of the European Union) and the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania, concerning the Accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union (Deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic)|access-date=17 January 2019|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|3|31}}<ref name="RomBulgAir">{{cite journal |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L_202400210 |title=Council Decision (EU) 2024/210 of 30 December 2023 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania |date=2024-01-04 |access-date=2024-01-03 |journal=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |volume=L |number=2024/210}}</ref>{{refn|name=RomBulg|For air and sea borders;
|-
| |{{flag|Croatia}}
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|style="text-align:right" |{{UN_Population|Czechia}}
|style="text-align:right;"|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|4|16}}<ref name="2004enlarge"/>
|style="text-align:right;"|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|12|21}}<ref name="2004states">{{cite journal |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32007D0801 |title=COUNCIL DECISION of 6 December 2007 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic |date=2007-12-08 |access-date=2014-10-27 |journal=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |volume=L |number=323/34}}</ref>{{refn|For sea and land borders
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}} <br /><small>(excluding [[Greenland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]]){{refn|Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not included in the Schengen Area. However, persons travelling between the Faroe Islands, Greenland and the Schengen Area are not subject to border checks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A42000A0922%2808%29|title=EUR-Lex - 42000A0922(08) - EN - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref> The list of countries whose citizens require a visa for Greenland or the Faroe Islands is the same as for the Schengen Area,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/About-government-of-greenland/About-Greenland/Coming-to-Greenland/Schengen-and-Tourists |title=Schengen and Tourists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725121707/http://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/About-government-of-greenland/About-Greenland/Coming-to-Greenland/Schengen-and-Tourists |archive-date=25 July 2017 |website=[[Government of Greenland]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.government.fo/foreign-relations/visa-and-work-permit/ |title=Visa and Work Permit |website=[[Government of the Faroe Islands]]}}</ref> but a Schengen visa will not allow the holder access to either territory, only a Danish visa stamped with either "Valid for the Faroe Islands" or "Valid for Greenland", or both.<ref name="greenland-faroe">{{cite web |title=General Information on Schengen Short-Term Visas |publisher=Royal Danish Embassy in London |date=4 June 2009 |url=http://www.amblondon.um.dk/en/menu/consularservices/visas/shorttermvisas |access-date=1 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110021548/http://www.amblondon.um.dk/en/menu/ConsularServices/Visas/ShortTermVisas |archive-date=10 January 2010}}</ref>|group=Note}}</small>
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|style="text-align:right;"|{{dts|format=dmy|1995|3|26}}<ref name="1995states"/>
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}{{refn|According to a legally non-binding declaration attached to the Greek accession agreement to the Schengen convention,<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A42000A0922%2806%29|title=EUR-Lex - 42000A0922(06) - EN | website = EUR-Lex| publisher = Europa}}</ref> the special status<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:BFD-2005-27-9F23C2CD/PDF |title=El estatuto especial del Monte Athos ante la tradición religiosa. El derecho eclesiástico griego y el derecho comunitario europeo |trans-title=The special status of Mount Athos before the religious tradition. Greek ecclesiastical law and European community law |last=Bonet Navarro |first=Jaime |journal=Boletín de la Facultad de Derecho | publisher = UNED |year=2005 |language=es}}</ref> according to the Greek constitution<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6483/file/Greece_Constitution_2008_eng.pdf |title= The Constitution of Greece |date= 2008-05-27 |website= Legislation online |access-date= 2021-01-23 |quote= Regime of Aghion Oros (Mount Athos) Article 105 |archive-date= 17 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210117130248/https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6483/file/Greece_Constitution_2008_eng.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> of [[Monastic community of Mount Athos|Mount Athos]], has to be taken into account in the application and subsequent preparation of the Schengen acquis.|group=Note}}{{refn|Currently Greece does not have any internal land
|style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|131990}}
|style="text-align:right" |{{UN_Population|Greece}}
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| style="text-align:right" | {{UN_Population|Cyprus}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{dts|format=dmy|2004|5|1}}<ref name="2004enlarge"/>
| 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Capital.gr |title=Πρόσω ολοταχώς για τη ζώνη Σένγκεν κινείται η Λευκωσία |url=https://www.capital.gr/diethni/3805885/proso-olotaxos-gia-ti-zoni-sengken-kineitai-i-leukosia/?amp=true |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Capital.gr |language=el}}</ref>
| Cease Fire line, caused by [[Cyprus conflict]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/BerlinEmbassy.nsf/All/9E3EA74BCAD066E5C125727D00493F03 |title=Foreign Minister says Cyprus not to join Schengen before 2010 |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Berlin |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510074152/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/BerlinEmbassy.nsf/All/9E3EA74BCAD066E5C125727D00493F03 |archive-date=10 May 2009}}</ref>
|-
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In 1999, the UK formally requested participation in certain provisions of the Schengen ''acquis'' – Title III relating to Police Security and Judicial Cooperation, and this request was approved by the [[Council of the European Union]] on 29 May 2000.<ref>Council Decision (2000/365/EC) of 29 May 2000 concerning the request of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32000D0365 OJ L 131, 1 June 2000, p. 43])</ref> The United Kingdom's formal participation in the previously approved areas of cooperation was put into effect by a 2004 Council decision that came into effect on 1 January 2005.<ref>Council Decision (2004/926/EC) of 22 December 2004 on the putting into effect of parts of the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004D0926:EN:NOT OJ L 395, 31 December 2004, p. 70])</ref>
Although the United Kingdom was not part of the Schengen passport-free area,<ref>{{cite web|title=Schengen Area|url=http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htm |website=ec.europa.eu|publisher=European Commission|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> it still used the [[Schengen Information System]], a governmental database used by European countries to store and disseminate information on individuals and property. This allowed the UK to exchange information with countries that are a part of the Schengen agreement, often for the sake of liaising over law enforcement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schengen Information System|url=http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen-information-system/index_en.htm |website=ec.europa.eu|publisher=European Commission|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> In 2020, the UK declared its intent to withdraw from these arrangements at the end of its [[Brexit withdrawal agreement#Transition_period|transition period]], and did so on 31 December 2020.
In contrast, while Ireland initially submitted a request to participate in the Schengen ''acquis'' in 2002, which was approved by the Council of the European Union,<ref>Council Decision (2002/192/EC) of 28 February 2002 concerning Ireland's request to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32002D0192 OJ L 64, 7 March 2002 p. 20])</ref> that decision took nearly eighteen years to be put into effect. In February 2010 the Irish Minister for Justice, in response to a parliamentary question, said that: "The measures which will enable Ireland to meet its Schengen requirements are currently being progressed".<ref name="irishquestion09">[http://debates.oireachtas.ie/DDebate.aspx?F=DAL20091210.xml&Ex=All&Page=14 Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, Dermot Ahern, ''Dáil Debates'' volume 698 number 1: Priority Questions—International Agreements (10 December 2009)].</ref> Ireland joined the law enforcement aspect of SIS II on 1 January 2021 with plans to have "full operational capacity" two months later.<ref name="RTE201218">{{cite news |title=Ireland to join EU police database from 1 January as UK leaves | url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2020/1218/1185318-eu-security-system/ | author= Sean Whelan | work= RTE News | date= 18 December 2020 | access-date= 28 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32020D1745 | title= COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2020/1745 of 18 November 2020 on the putting into effect of the provisions of the Schengen acquis on data protection and on the provisional putting into effect of certain provisions of the Schengen acquis in Ireland | publisher= EUR-Lex}}</ref>
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[[File:The border between España and Andorra.jpg|thumb|The border checkpoint in La Farga de Moles on the [[Andorra–Spain border]]]]
Four [[European microstates]] — [[Andorra]],<ref name="amt.de"/> [[Monaco]], [[San Marino]] and the [[Vatican City]] — are not officially part of the Schengen Area, but are considered ''de facto'' within the Schengen Area, as they have open or semi-open borders and do not conduct systematic border controls with the Schengen countries that surround them. Some national laws have the text "countries against which border control is not performed based on the Schengen Agreement and the 562/2006 EU regulation",<ref>[https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/sfs_sfs-1978-302/ Passlag (1978:302)] (in Swedish)</ref> which then includes the microstates and other non-EU areas with open borders.{{
{{As of|2015}}, Andorra, Monaco and San Marino were negotiating an [[Association Agreement]] with the EU. Monaco left the negotiations in 2023, while an agreement for Andorra and San Marino is expected to be concluded in 2024. The agreement only concerns free movement of people and not border control issues. However, on 30 May 2024, the [[Council of the European Union]] authorised the opening of negotiations for agreements between the European Union and Andorra and San Marino, respectively, in order to create a legal basis for the absence of border controls between these countries and the Schengen area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401693|title=COUNCIL DECISION (EU) 2024/1693 of 30 May 2024 authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Principality of Andorra on several aspects in the field of border management}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9837-2024-INIT/en/pdf|title=COUNCIL DECISION authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of San Marino on several aspects in the field of border management}}</ref>
'''Andorra''' is landlocked and does not have an airport or seaport, but there are several heliports. Visitors to the country can gain access only by road or helicopter through Schengen members France or Spain. Andorra has no border controls with either France or Spain. Border control points exist and border controls may be carried out in the other direction, but these are more focused on customs control ([[Andorra]] has considerably lower taxes than its neighbours, [[Taxation in Andorra#Value added tax|with for example a standard VAT rate of just 4.5%]]). Andorra does not have any visa requirements. Citizens of EU countries need either a [[National identity cards in the European Union|national identity card]] or [[Passports of the European Union|passport]] to enter Andorra, while anyone else requires a passport or equivalent. Schengen visas are accepted,<ref name="open">{{cite web |url= https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52012SC0388 |title=Obstacles to access by Andorra, Monaco and San Marino to the EU's Internal Market and Cooperation in other Areas |year=2012 |access-date=30 March 2013}}</ref> but those travellers who need a visa to enter the Schengen Area need a multiple-entry visa to visit Andorra, because entering Andorra means leaving the Schengen Area,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://visitandorra.com/en/the-country/travelling-advice|title=Travelling advice|access-date=18 July 2013| publisher =Andorra Turisme SAU}}</ref> and re-entering France or Spain is considered a new entry into the Schengen Area. Andorran citizens do not receive a [[#Passport stamp|passport stamp]] when they enter and leave the Schengen Area.<ref>Article 11(e) of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32016R0399 OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, pp. 1–52])</ref> Andorra's ambassador to Spain, Jaume Gaytán, has said that he hopes that the agreement will include provisions to make the states associate members of the [[Schengen Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://thediplomatinspain.com/en-un-par-de-anos-andorra-podra-formar-parte-del-espacio-schengen/|title=En un par de años Andorra podrá formar parte del Espacio Schengen|access-date=2015-10-26|first= Alberto|last=Rubio|date=2015-10-26}}</ref> As of June 2024, the [[German Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] reports that [[Andorra]] has a ''de facto'' [[open border]] with Spain and France.<ref name="amt.de"/>
'''Liechtenstein''' is landlocked and does not have an international airport. It has been a member of the Schengen Area since 2011. It does not have a border check at [[Balzers]] heliport, as flights to and from Balzers must be to or from the Schengen Area. Liechtenstein does not issue visas and as such recommends visitors apply for a visa in another Schengen country, e.g. Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liechtensteinusa.org/index.php?page=permits |title= Visa Information |publisher=Liechtenstein USA |access-date= 2013-10-12}}</ref>
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In November 2017, Germany introduced temporary checks on flights arriving from Greece.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://griechenland.diplo.de/gr-de/aktuelles/-/1496852 |title=Border controls for flights from Greece to Germany - What should travelers know now? |publisher=German Missions in Greece |date=27 November 2017 |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418104918/https://griechenland.diplo.de/gr-de/aktuelles/-/1496852 |archive-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/223356/article/ekathimerini/news/greek-anger-over-schengen-checks-at-german-airports |title=Greek anger over Schengen checks at German airports |newspaper=[[Kathimerini]] |last=Nedos |first=Vassilis |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/greeks-condemn-controversial-german-airport-checks/a-41547470 |title=Greeks condemn controversial German airport checks |last=Carassava |first=Anthee |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=28 November 2017 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> Between November 2017 and February 2018, of the 280,000 passengers on flights from Greece who were checked on arrival in Germany, 270 were denied entry into Germany.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/226922/article/ekathimerini/news/data-seem-to-vindicate-greeces-reaction-to-german-airport-checks |title=Data seem to vindicate Greece's reaction to German airport checks |newspaper=[[Kathimerini]] |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> On 12 May 2018, Germany ended the temporary checks on incoming flights from Greece.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thegreekobserver.com/blog/2018/04/18/avramopoulos-welcomes-germanys-decision-to-suspend-border-controls-for-flights-from-greece/ |title=Avramopoulos welcomes Germany's decision to suspend border controls for flights from Greece |newspaper=The Greek Observer |date=18 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110929/https://thegreekobserver.com/blog/2018/04/18/avramopoulos-welcomes-germanys-decision-to-suspend-border-controls-for-flights-from-greece/ |archive-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
In 2019, Denmark set up border controls with Sweden due to serious attacks by Swedish citizens.<ref>{{cite news |title=Denmark sets up temporary border control with Sweden after attacks |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-denmark-border-sweden/denmark-sets-up-temporary-border-control-at-border-with-sweden-idUSKBN1WP0QZ |access-date=13 November 2019 |work=Reuters|date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011073226/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-denmark-border-sweden/denmark-sets-up-temporary-border-control-at-border-with-sweden-idUSKBN1WP0QZ |archive-date=11 October 2019 |quote=Swedes were suspected of being behind a number of serious attacks this year in the Danish capital Copenhagen}}</ref>
In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, almost all Schengen countries set up border controls. Several of these controls blocked citizens of EU/Schengen countries from entering, allowed only citizens or residents of the country to enter, plus prioritised traffic like food transport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Europe Barricades Borders to Slow Coronavirus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/europe/EU-closes-borders-virus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317191033/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/europe/EU-closes-borders-virus.html |archive-date=2020-03-17 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |date=17 March 2020}}</ref> On 27 March 2020, the [[European Commission]] published 'Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak', stating that member states should allow cross-border workers 'unhindered access' and 'ensure a smooth passage' across the internal Schengen borders if they exercise a 'critical occupation' (such as health professionals, care workers, scientists in health-related fields, workers in the pharmaceutical and medical services/food/transportation/essential infrastructure industries, engineers, Information and Communications Technology professionals, firefighters/police officers/prison officers/security guards, fishermen and public servants). Further, any health screening for cross-border workers must be carried out under the same conditions as the member state's own nationals exercising the same occupations.<ref>Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak ([http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=22473&langId=en C (2020) 2051, 27 March 2020])</ref>
In September 2024, Germany announced it would temporarily introduce checks at all of its land borders, in order to tackle irregular migration. The controls were scheduled to be in force for six months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany to put temporary controls on all land borders, source says |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-put-temporary-controls-all-land-borders-source-says-2024-09-09/ |access-date=2024-09-09}}</ref>
====Internal border controls in place since 2015====
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[[File:Border controls at internal and external Schengen borders.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The yellow and green-coloured countries indicate Schengen members. The green-coloured countries indicate no current use of internal border controls. The yellow-coloured countries indicate internal border controls currently imposed. The green lines indicate internal Schengen land borders without border controls, the yellow lines indicate internal Schengen land borders with ongoing temporary border controls and the red lines indicate the external Schengen land borders with or without full border controls.]]
The table below lists internal border controls in place in
{|class="wikitable sortable"
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! Last day (currently planned)<!-- Please leave entries below blank until we have reliable source that reports that the controls have in fact ended. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. The table footnote should be enough. -->
|-
|Land borders with
|[[European migrant crisis]], pressure on the asylum reception system, high migratory pressure at the EU’s external border to Turkey and the Western Balkans, threat of arms trafficking and criminal networks due to the war in Ukraine, human smuggling
|style="text-align:center;"|16
|style="text-align:center;"|''
|-
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
Line 537 ⟶ 534:
|[[European migrant crisis]], Islamist terrorist threat, organised crime, smuggling, [[2022 Invasion of Ukraine|2022 invasion of Ukraine]], irregular migration along the Central Mediterranean route
| style="text-align:center;" |4 January 2016
| style="text-align:center;" |''11
|-
|{{Flag|France}}
Line 543 ⟶ 540:
|[[Terrorism in France|Terrorism]], [[European Migrant Crisis|European migrant crisis]], [[2022 Invasion of Ukraine|2022 invasion of Ukraine]], increase in irregular entry flows at the external borders
| style="text-align:center;" |27 July 2016
| style="text-align:center;" |''
|-
| rowspan="
|Land border with Austria
| rowspan="3" |[[European migrant crisis]], increase in irregular migration from Turkey through the Western Balkans, strain on the asylum reception system, human smuggling
| style="text-align:center;" |13 September 2015
| style="text-align:center;" |''
|-
|Land borders with Czech Republic, Poland and Switzerland
Line 555 ⟶ 552:
| style="text-align:center;" |''15 December 2024''
|-
|Land borders with Belgium, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands
| style="text-align:center;" |16 September 2024
| style="text-align:center;" |''15 March 2025''
|-
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
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|[[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 invasion of Ukraine]], threat to critical on-shore and off-shore infrastructures
| style="text-align:center;" |26 November 2015
| style="text-align:center;" |''11
|-
|{{flagcountry|Slovenia}}
Line 586 ⟶ 578:
|[[European migrant crisis]], Islamist terrorist threat
| style="text-align:center;" |12 November 2015
| style="text-align:center;" |''11
|}
Line 755 ⟶ 747:
The additional obligations imposed by European law on national border authorities when it comes to processing travellers who are third-country nationals (e.g. the obligation to [[#Passport stamp|stamp their travel documents]]) should not prevent the development of [[automated border control system]]s which are made available to such travellers. As shown by the examples listed above of automated border control systems which have been developed at external border crossing points of the Schengen Area, national border authorities have been able to adapt the design of their automated border control systems to allow third-country nationals to make use of them. One solution is to have a border guard physically positioned next to the automated border gates who can stamp travel documents where required: this approach has been adopted by the [[Finnish Border Guard]] at the automated border gates in [[Helsinki Airport]], where eligible users (who are required to receive a passport stamp) include holders of [[Australian passport|Australian]], [[Canadian passport|Canadian]], [[Japanese passport|Japanese]], [[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]], [[South Korean passport|South Korean]] and [[United States passport|United States]] [[biometric passport]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cwtjet.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Automated_Border_Control_Gates.17161248.pdf |title=How To Use The Automated Border Control Gates |work=Finnair Info |access-date=2012-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018132624/http://cwtjet.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Automated_Border_Control_Gates.17161248.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-18 }}</ref><ref name="Finnish Border Guard July 2014 press release">{{Cite web |url=http://www.raja.fi/facts/news_from_the_border_guard/1/0/expanded_use_of_automated_border_control_gates_at_the_west_terminal_54569 |title=News from the Border Guard - the Finnish Border Guard |access-date=2014-07-13 |archive-date=2018-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914122812/http://www.raja.fi/facts/news_from_the_border_guard/1/0/expanded_use_of_automated_border_control_gates_at_the_west_terminal_54569 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-10 |title=2nd Global Conference and Exhibition on Future Developments of Automated Border Control (ABC) Conference Report |url=https://www.frontex.europa.eu/assets/Images_News/ABC_Conference_Report.pdf |website=frontex.europa.eu}}</ref> and in the [[Port of Helsinki]], where eligible users (who are required to receive a passport stamp) include [[Russian passport|Russian citizens]], who are required to scan both the biodata page and the visa inside their passport, then to step into the gate for a facial image and fingerprint recognition, and after the gate opens to approach a border officer to have their passport stamped.<ref name="Finnish Border Guard July 2014 press release"/>
The Portuguese [[Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras]] has also adopted the practice of positioning a border guard for stamping next to the automated border gates in [[Lisbon Airport]] where eligible users (who are required to receive a passport stamp) include holders of [[Angolan passport|Angolan]] and [[Brazilian passport|Brazilian]] passports and holders of [[Diplomatic passport|diplomatic/service passports]]. This approach has also been adopted in Italy, where eligible users of [[EGate (Italy)|eGates]] include holders of [[Australian passport|Australian]], [[Canadian passport|Canadian]], [[Israeli passport|Israeli]], [[Japanese passport|Japanese]], [[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]], [[Singaporean passport|Singaporean]], [[South Korean passport|South Korean]], [[United States passport|United States]] and [[Vatican passport|Vatican]] [[biometric passport]]s. A similar but slightly different solution has been adopted by the Dutch [[Royal Marechaussee]] at the Privium [[iris recognition]] automated border gates at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] (where eligible users include registered EU/EEA/Swiss citizens, US citizens who are [[Global Entry]] members, and all nationals who are holders of [[diplomatic passport]]s), as well as by the [[Federal Police (Germany)|German Federal Police]] at the ABG Plus [[iris recognition]] automated border gates at [[Frankfurt Airport]] (where eligible users include registered EU/EEA/Swiss citizens and US citizens who are [[Global Entry]] members: when eligible third-country nationals use Privium/ABG Plus, after their iris is scanned and verified, a different gate/door/turnstile opens to that for EU/EEA/Swiss citizens and the third-country national user is directed to a lane which leads them to the front of the queue for manual passport checks at immigration desks, where the border guard stamps the user's passport. Another possible solution would be to design the automated border gates to print a paper slip with an entry or exit stamp on it, as well as the user's name and travel document number, whenever the user is a traveller who is subject to the requirement to have their travel document stamped.<ref>Art 11(3) of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) recognises that an entry or exit stamp may be recorded on a sheet of paper indicating the traveller's name and travel document number (rather than inside the traveller's travel document) where stamping the travel document would cause 'serious difficulties' for the traveller. It could be argued that at a particular border crossing point the state of facilities are such that to deny travellers subject to the stamping obligation access to automated border gates and to require them to be processed manually by border guards would constitute 'serious difficulties' for such persons.</ref>
Sometimes, external border controls are located on non-Schengen territory. For example, the [[French Border Police]] operates border checks at [[juxtaposed controls]] on travellers departing the United Kingdom for the Schengen Area before they board their train or ferry at [[St Pancras railway station|St Pancras International]], [[Ebbsfleet International railway station|Ebbsfleet International]] and [[Ashford International railway station|Ashford International]] railway stations, as well as at the [[Port of Dover]] and the [[Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1993/1813/contents/made |title=Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) Order 1993 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date=2012-06-13 |access-date=2013-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/2818/made |title=The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date=2010-07-16 |access-date=2013-10-12}}</ref>
Line 838 ⟶ 830:
[[File:Schengen Spain Stamp log.png|250px|thumb|right|Logbook recording which border guards are assigned passport stamps at the [[#Regulation of external borders|external border crossing point]] at the [[Port of Algeciras]] in Spain]]
Border officials are required, by law, to stamp the travel documents of third country nationals who do not qualify for one of the exemptions listed in the right hand column when they cross external borders,<ref>Council Regulation (EC) No 2133/2004 of 13 December 2004 on the requirement for the competent authorities of the Member States to stamp systematically the travel documents of third country nationals when they cross the external borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Convention implementing the Schengen agreement and the common manual to this end ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32004R2133 OJ L 369, 16 December 2004, p. 5–10])</ref> even when border controls have been relaxed. However, nationals of [[Andorran nationality law|Andorra]], [[Nationality law of Monaco|Monaco]], [[San Marino passport|San Marino]] and Vatican City are exempt from this requirement, as are heads of state, whose visits were announced through diplomatic channels, and holders of local border traffic permits and residence permits issued by a Schengen member state.<ref>Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52009DC0489 COM (2009) 489, p. 7]</ref><ref>Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52009DC0489 COM (2009) 489, pp. 6 and 9]) "The Commission is of the opinion that travel documents of third-country nationals who are in possession of a valid residence permit issued by a Schengen Member State should not be stamped." "The Commission underlines that travel documents of third-country nationals who are in possession of a valid residence permit of a Schengen Member State are exempted from the stamping obligation on entry and exit."</ref> Certain exemptions also apply to the crews of ships and aircraft.<ref>Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 6.2 ([https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/e-library/documents/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/docs/c2019-7131-annex.pdf C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 56])</ref>
Exceptionally, if stamping a person's travel document would cause serious difficulties (such as political persecution), border officials can instead issue a sheet of paper detailing the person's name, travel document number and entry date and location.<ref name="SBC Article 11"/> However, in practice, border officials do not always stamp the travel documents of travellers as legally required.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_4361.html|title=Schengen Fact Sheet|date=4 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004163015/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_4361.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Regulation 2006, p. 4">Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 ([http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0489:FIN:EN:PDF COM (2009) 489, p. 4])</ref> If a person who should have received an entry stamp cannot show one either upon request by a law enforcement officer or upon leaving the Schengen Area to a border official, the officer can presume that the person has been staying illegally in the Schengen Area and can expel them, unless the person can demonstrate using credible evidence (such as transport tickets and accommodation receipts) that they have not exceeded their permitted length of stay in the Schengen Area.<ref>Article 12 of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32016R0399 OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, pp. 1–52])</ref>
Line 881 ⟶ 873:
[[Asylum seeker]]s who request international protection under the [[Geneva Convention]] from a Schengen member state are not issued a residence permit, but are instead issued, within three days of the application being lodged, an authorisation to remain on the territory of the member state while the application is pending or being examined. This means that, whilst their application for refugee status is being processed, asylum seekers are only permitted to remain in the Schengen member state where they have claimed asylum and are not entitled to move freely within other states which compose the Schengen Area.<ref>Article 6 of the Council Directive 2003/9/EC laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32003L0009 OJ L 31, 27 January 2003, p. 20])</ref> Successful applicants who have been granted international protection by a Schengen member state are issued residence permits which are valid for at least three years and renewable, whilst applicants granted subsidiary protection by a Schengen member state are issued residence permits valid for at least 1-year and renewable, unless there are compelling reasons relating to national security or public order. Family members of beneficiaries of international or subsidiary protection from a Schengen member state are issued residence permits as well, but their validity can be shorter.<ref>Article 24 of the Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0083:EN:NOT OJ L 304, 29 April 2004, p. 12])</ref> Applicants who have been granted temporary protection by a Schengen member state (as well as their reunited family members) are issued residence permits valid for the entire period of temporary protection.<ref>Articles 8 and 15 of the Council [[Directive 2001/55/EC]] of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32001L0055 OJ L 212, 20 July 2001, p. 12])</ref>
However, some third-country nationals are permitted to stay in the Schengen Area for more than 90 days without the need to apply for a long-stay visa. For example, France does not require citizens of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City to apply for a long-stay visa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F16162.xhtml |title=Visas de long séjour pour la France |publisher=Vosdroits.Service-public.fr |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126151919/http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F16162.xhtml |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> In addition, Article 20(2) of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement allows for this 'in exceptional circumstances' and for bilateral agreements concluded by individual signatory states with other countries before the Convention entered into force to remain applicable. As a result, for example, [[New Zealand nationality law|New Zealand citizens]] are permitted to stay for up to 90 days in ''each'' of the Schengen countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) which had already concluded bilateral visa exemption agreements with the [[New Zealand Government]] prior to the Convention entering into force without the need to apply for long-stay visas, but if travelling to other Schengen countries the 90 days in a 180-day period time limit applies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/new_zealand/eu_travel/visa/index_en.htm |title=Delegation of the European Union to New Zealand: Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Eeas.europa.eu |date=2009-02-13 |access-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118232230/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/new_zealand/eu_travel/visa/index_en.htm | archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safetravel.govt.nz/destinations/europetips.shtml |title=NZ government travel advisory – travel tips to Europe |publisher=Safetravel.govt.nz |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010623/http://www.safetravel.govt.nz/destinations/europetips.shtml |archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Visa for New Zealand passport holders | publisher = Embassy of Switzerland in Wellington | date = 12 December 2021 | url = https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/new-zealand/en/home/visa/entry-ch/visa-new-zealand-passport-holders.html | access-date = 17 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220417035556/https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/new-zealand/en/home/visa/entry-ch/visa-new-zealand-passport-holders.html | archive-date = 17 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Visa-free travel | publisher = Danish Immigration Service | date = 13 February 2019 | url = https://www.nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/You-want-to-apply/Short-stay-visa/Visa-free-visits | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413101133/https://www.nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/You-want-to-apply/Short-stay-visa/Visa-free-visits | archive-date = 13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Visa | publisher = Embassy of Italy in Wellington | url = https://ambwellington.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Wellington/en/informazioni_e_servizi/visti/visti.html | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413102202/https://ambwellington.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Wellington/en/informazioni_e_servizi/visti/visti.html | archive-date = 13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Fact Sheet: Austria-New Zealand Bilateral Agreement on Visa Free Short Stays | publisher = Austrian Embassy in Canberra | url = https://www.bmeia.gv.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Vertretungen/Canberra/Austria_New_Zealand_Bilateral_Agreement_on_Visa_Free_Short_Stays_-_Fact_sheet.pdf | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413102420/https://www.bmeia.gv.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Vertretungen/Canberra/Austria_New_Zealand_Bilateral_Agreement_on_Visa_Free_Short_Stays_-_Fact_sheet.pdf | archive-date = 13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Visa | publisher = Embassy of Hungary in Wellington | url = https://wellington.mfa.gov.hu/eng/page/visa | access-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413102710/https://wellington.mfa.gov.hu/eng/page/visa | archive-date = 13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambafrance-nz.org/IMG/pdf/Border_controls_in_Europe.pdf |title=Border controls in Europe |publisher=Embassy of France in New Zealand |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403144100/https://nz.ambafrance.org/spip.php?action=api_docrestreint&arg=0%2F0%2Fpdf%2FBorder_controls_in_Europe.pdf |access-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Embassy of Spain in Wellington |date=29 April 2009 |url=http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Wellington/es/MenuPpal/faqs/Paginas/faqs.aspx |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204191718/http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Wellington/es/MenuPpal/faqs/Paginas/faqs.aspx |archive-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udiregelverk.no/en/documents/udi-guidelines/udi-2010-080/ |title=UDI 2010-080 Bortvisningspraksis for borgere fra stater Norge har inngått bilaterale visumfrihetsavtaler med |publisher=Norwegian Directorate of Immigration |date=28 November 2019 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413105136/https://www.udiregelverk.no/en/documents/udi-guidelines/udi-2010-080/ |archive-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udiregelverk.no/en/documents/udi-guidelines/udi-2010-080/udi-2010-080v1/ |title=UDI 2010-080V1 Liste over visumfrie borgere som er omfattet |publisher=Norwegian Directorate of Immigration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413105042/https://www.udiregelverk.no/en/documents/udi-guidelines/udi-2010-080/udi-2010-080v1/ |archive-date=13 April 2020 |date=28 November 2019 |language=no}}</ref>{{
===Entry conditions for family members of EEA and Swiss citizens===
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