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{{Short description|Automotive technology}}
[[File:Erprobungsfahrzeug SpeedE der fka GmbH.jpg|thumb|right|SpeedE, an academic concept car developed for studying [[drive-by-wire]] technologies<ref name="SpeedEpapers">{{citation |url=https://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/de/kompetenzen/projekte/fahrzeugkonzepte-und-design/speede-de.html |title=SpeedE - Forschungsplattform |year=2016 |publisher=ika - Institute for Motor Vehicles of RWTH Aachen University}}</ref><ref name="Eckstein2016" />]]
'''Steer-by-wire''', in the context of the automotive industry, is a technology or system that allows steering some or all of a vehicle's wheels without a [[steering column]]
A vehicle with a steer-by-wire system may be manually controlled by a driver through a steering wheel, a yoke, or any other
The [[Drive by wire#Safety and security|safety of drive-by-wire systems]] is often ensured through [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]], for example through redundant input sensors, redundant [[CAN bus|vehicle communication network]]s and power grids, redundant steering actuators per wheel, and fail-operational steering. If steering fails for one or even two wheels, the system can compensate with [[torque vectoring]] using the other available wheels.<ref name="Sampath2020">{{citation |url=https://saeindia.org/jbframework/uploads/2020/12/Tech-Trends-Towards-Functional-Safety-in-Drive-By-Wire-Vehicles-compressed.pdf |title=Toward functional safety in drive by wire vehicles |author=Arunkumar Sampath |journal=Mobility Engineering |issue=December 2020}}</ref>
==
Several concept vehicles included steer-by-wire, such as ThyssenKrupp Presta Steering's Mercedes-Benz [[Unimog]], General Motors' [[Hy-wire]] and [[General Motors Sequel|Sequel]], Saabs Prometheus and the [[Mazda Ryuga]].{{cn|date=July 2023}} Schaeffler Paravan Technologie has provided steer-by-wire systems for racing vehicles: a steer-by-wire [[Porsche 982#718GT4|Porsche Cayman GT4]] raced the [[2020 24 Hours of Nürburgring]] and finished 2nd place in its class and 29th overall; a steer-by-wire [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3]] raced [[2021 24 Hours of Nürburgring|the following year]] using the same system and finished 16th overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schaeffler-paravan.de/en/service/news/details/first-race-participation-of-a-gt3-without-steering-column-on-the-nordschleife/ |title=First race participation of a GT3 without steering column on the Nordschleife |website=www.schaeffler{{nbh}}paravan.de |date=10 May 2021 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gt-report.com/2021/05/06/schaeffler-paravan-brings-steer-by-wire-system-to-gt3-with-mercedes-amg-entry-in-nurburgring-24-hours/ |title=Schaeffler Paravan brings steer-by-wire system to GT3 with Mercedes-AMG entry in Nürburgring 24 Hours |last=Bosch |first=Miguel |website=www.gt{{nbh}}report.com |date=6 May 2021 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>▼
== Production vehicles ==▼
[[File:Space Drive Paravan.webm|thumb|Up-fitted drive-by-wire systems, such as the [[:de:Paravan|Paravan]] Space Drive, have been available since as early as 2003 for existing production vehicles.<ref>{{citation |url=https://barrierefrei-magazin.de/artikel/25-jahre-paravan/ |title=25 Jahre PARAVAN |author=Lydia Saß |date=July 26, 2023 |website=barrierefrei-magazin.de}}</ref>]]
Several [[one-off vehicle]]s and concept vehicles implemented steer-by-wire, such as the early-1990s [[Saab 9000#Prometheus (prototype)|Saab Prometheus]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.goodwood.com/grr/road/news/axons-automotive-anorak-that-time-saab-built-a-car-with-a-joystick/ |title=That time Saab built a car with a joystick |author=Gary Axon |date=May 21, 2018 |website=[[Goodwood Festival of Speed|Goodwood]]}}</ref> 1996 [[Mercedes-Benz F200|Mercedes F200]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.motor1.com/news/604322/joystick-driven-mercedes-f200-video/ |title=Joystick-Driven Mercedes F200 Imagination Spotted With Its Many Screens |author=Adrian Padeanu |date=August 15, 2022 |website=[[Motorsport Network|Motor1]]}}</ref> 2001 [[SKF]] Filo based on the [[Opel Zafira]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://europe.autonews.com/article/20010618/ANE/106180802/filo-is-this-the-most-high-tech-independent-car-design |title=Filo: is this the most high-tech independent car design? |author=Luca Ciferri |date=June 18, 2001 |website=[[Automotive News]]}}</ref> 2003 General Motors [[Hy-wire]],<ref>{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225090832/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/10/01/349458/index.htm |archive-date=February 25, 2007 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/10/01/349458/index.htm |website=[[CNN Money]] |title=GM'S Race To The Future |author=Ralph King |date=October 1, 2003}}</ref> 2005 [[Chevrolet Sequel|GM Sequel]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2006-01-1173/ |title=Development of a Steer-by-Wire System for the GM Sequel |date=April 3, 2006 |doi=10.4271/2006-01-1173 |author=Cesiel, D |display-authors=et al}}</ref> 2007 [[Mazda Ryuga]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-01-10/mazda-ryuga-concept-captures-the-spirit-of-motionbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |title=Mazda Ryuga Concept Captures the Spirit of Motion |date=January 10, 2007 |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> and others.
▲
▲== Production combustion-engine vehicles ==
=== Coupled with traditional steering ===
{{see also|Steering#Four-wheel steering}}
Rear-axle-only steer-by-wire may be coupled with traditional front wheel steering for conditional four-wheel steering, reducing turning radius at low speeds and increasing stability at high speeds.<ref name="DrivingLineQuadrasteer">{{citation |url=https://www.drivingline.com/articles/why-did-gms-excellent-quadrasteer-full-size-pickup-four-wheel-steering-system-simply-disappear/ |title=Why Did GM's Excellent Quadrasteer Full-Size Pickup Four-Wheel Steering System Simply Disappear? |date=January 5, 2021 |author=Benjamin Hunting |website=DrivingLine}}</ref> Purely mechanical four-wheel steering systems have been available in production cars since the mid 1980s,
One such rear-axle-only steer-by-wire system couple with traditional front steering was [[Quadrasteer]]. It was developed by Delphi and was offered starting 2002 on some General Motors trucks. Despite favorable reception the system was discontinued in 2005 due to poor market penetration of only 17 percent of sales of the same model, partially due to lack of familiarity with the system and partially due to its $1000 mark-up.<ref name="DrivingLineQuadrasteer" />
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=== Without traditional steering ===
[[File:Infiniti Q50 2013 NAIAS.jpg|thumb|right|The Infiniti Q50 was the first production road-vehicle without a traditional steering column, though one was still equipped as a backup.<ref name="Eckstein2016" />]]
Steer-by-wire without the use of a steering column was first offered in a production car with the [[
{{multiple image
Production [[battery electric vehicle]]s (BEVs) with rear-axle SbW coupled with traditional front-wheel steering include the [[Rolls-Royce Spectre]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/rolls-royce-spectre-review-electric/ |title=Rolls-Royce Spectre review: The pinnacle of electric motoring |author=Britta O'Boyle |date=July 3, 2023 |website=Pocket-lint}}</ref>, [[Lotus Eletre]].<ref name="Kacher2024Lotus" /> and [[Tesla Cybertruck]]<ref>{{ citation | url=https://insideevs.com/news/698794/tesla-cybertruck-steer-wire/|title=Huzzah, The Tesla Cybertruck Has Steer-By-Wire|author=Kevin Williams|date=November 30, 2023| website=InsideEVs }}</ref>.▼
|perrow = 4
|total_width=400
|footer=Production electric vehicles with rear SbW and a traditional steering column.
|image1=2023 Rolls Royce Spectre.jpg
|alt1=2023 Rolls Royce Spectre parked on a lawn at an auto show.
|caption1=[[Rolls-Royce Spectre]]
|image2=Lotus Eletre 010 (cropped).jpg
|alt2=Lotus Eletre at a parking lot.
|caption2=[[Lotus Eletre]]
|image3=2024 GMC Hummer EV3X SUV, front left, 10-29-2023.jpg
|alt3=GMC Hummer EV at a parking lot.
|caption3=[[GMC Hummer EV]]
|image4=2024 Chevrolet Silverado EV RST First Edition front view.png
|alt4=Chevrolet Silverado EV at a parking lot.
|caption4=[[Chevrolet Silverado EV]]
}}
{{multiple image
|perrow = 3
|total_width=400
|footer=Production steer-by-wire electric vehicles with no steering column.
|image1=Cybertruck-fremont-cropped.jpg
|caption1=Tesla [[Cybertruck]]
|alt1=Tesla Cybertruck at a parking lot.
|image2=Canoo5.jpg
|caption2=[[Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle]]
|alt2=Two Canoo Lifestyle Vehicles on a factory floor.
|image3=REE Automotive P7-C class 4 electric truck with Knapheide vocational body Work Truck Week 2024 facing right.jpg
|caption3=[[REE Automotive|REE]] P7-C class 4 electric truck
|alt3=REE Automotive P7-C class 4 electric truck parked outside the Indianapolis convention center.
}}
▲Production [[battery electric vehicle]]s (BEVs) with rear-axle SbW coupled with traditional front-wheel steering include as of 2024 the [[Rolls-Royce Spectre]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/rolls-royce-spectre-review-electric/ |title=Rolls-Royce Spectre review: The pinnacle of electric motoring |author=Britta O'Boyle |date=July 3, 2023 |website=Pocket-lint}}</ref>
==References==
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