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HueSurname (talk | contribs) →Without traditional steering: Q60 discontinued in 2022 |
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=== Coupled with traditional steering ===
{{see also|Steering#Four-wheel steering}}
Rear-axle-only steer-by-wire may be coupled with traditional front wheel steering for conditional four-wheel steering, reducing turning radius at low speeds and increasing stability at high speeds.<ref name="DrivingLineQuadrasteer">{{citation |url=https://www.drivingline.com/articles/why-did-gms-excellent-quadrasteer-full-size-pickup-four-wheel-steering-system-simply-disappear/ |title=Why Did GM's Excellent Quadrasteer Full-Size Pickup Four-Wheel Steering System Simply Disappear? |date=January 5, 2021 |author=Benjamin Hunting |website=DrivingLine}}</ref> Purely mechanical four-wheel steering systems have been available in production cars since the mid 1980s,
One such rear-axle-only steer-by-wire system couple with traditional front steering was [[Quadrasteer]]. It was developed by Delphi and was offered starting 2002 on some General Motors trucks. Despite favorable reception the system was discontinued in 2005 due to poor market penetration of only 17 percent of sales of the same model, partially due to lack of familiarity with the system and partially due to its $1000 mark-up.<ref name="DrivingLineQuadrasteer" />
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=== Without traditional steering ===
[[File:Infiniti Q50 2013 NAIAS.jpg|thumb|right|The Infiniti Q50 was the first production road-vehicle without a traditional steering column, though one was still equipped as a backup.<ref name="Eckstein2016" />]]
Steer-by-wire without the use of a steering column was first offered in a production car with the [[Infiniti Q50]] in 2013.<ref name="Q50Wired"/> The system has a backup steering column separated from the steering wheel with a clutch. The clutch connects the steering wheel to the steering rack in case of failure of the electronic steering sensors or actuators.<ref name="Eckstein2016">{{citation |url=https://www.jtekt.co.jp/e/engineering-journal/assets/1013/1013e_02.pdf |title=Future Trends for Automotive Steering Systems |author=Lutz Eckstein |journal=JTEKT Engineering Journal English Edition |number=1013E |year=2016}}</ref> After negative reception the model was retrofitted with traditional [[hydraulic steering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/59723/2016-infiniti-q50-to-get-old-fashioned-hydraulic-power-steering-report|title=2016 Infiniti Q50 To Get 'Old Fashioned' Hydraulic Power Steering: Report|first=Tony|last=O'Kane|date=2 September 2014|website=themotorreport.com.au|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401215012/http://www.themotorreport.com.au/59723/2016-infiniti-q50-to-get-old-fashioned-hydraulic-power-steering-report|url-status=live}}</ref> Steer-by-wire continued to be offered with the QX50 and QX55, and as
== Production electric vehicles ==
{{multiple image
Production [[battery electric vehicle]]s (BEVs) with rear-axle SbW coupled with traditional front-wheel steering include as of 2024 the [[Rolls-Royce Spectre]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/rolls-royce-spectre-review-electric/ |title=Rolls-Royce Spectre review: The pinnacle of electric motoring |author=Britta O'Boyle |date=July 3, 2023 |website=Pocket-lint}}</ref> [[Lotus Eletre]],<ref name="Kacher2024Lotus" /> [[GMC Hummer EV]], and [[Chevrolet Silverado EV]].<ref name="CapitalOne" />▼
|perrow = 4
|total_width=400
|
▲|File:2023 Rolls Royce Spectre.jpg |[[Rolls-Royce Spectre]]
|alt1=2023 Rolls Royce Spectre parked on a lawn at an auto show.
|caption1=[[Rolls-Royce Spectre]]
|
|alt2=Lotus Eletre at a parking lot.
|caption2=[[Lotus Eletre]]
|
|alt3=GMC Hummer EV at a parking lot.
|caption3=[[GMC Hummer EV]]
|
|alt4=Chevrolet Silverado EV at a parking lot.
|caption4=[[Chevrolet Silverado EV]]
}}
{{multiple image
|perrow = 3
Production BEVs with steer-by-wire with no steering column include as of 2024 the [[Tesla Cybertruck]]<ref>{{ citation | url=https://insideevs.com/news/698794/tesla-cybertruck-steer-wire/|title=Huzzah, The Tesla Cybertruck Has Steer-By-Wire|author=Kevin Williams|date=November 30, 2023| website=InsideEVs }}</ref> which is sold at retail, and the [[Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2023/11/22/a-2024-canoo-lifestyle-vehicle-first-drive-review/71672558007/ |title=The 2024 Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle rocks the boat in our first drive review |author=Frank Markus |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> and [[REE Automotive]] P7-C<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/edgarsten/2024/01/11/ree-automotive-delivers-first-totally-by-wire-commercial-truck-chassis/ |title=REE Automotive delivers first totally by-wire commercial truck chassis |author=Ed Garsten |date=January 11, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> which are sold to fleet operators. Planned production vehicles with no-steering-column SbW as of 2023 include: [[Lexus RZ|Lexus RZ 450e]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a45207395/lexus-steer-by-wire-yoke-update/ |title=Lexus Continues to Hone Steer-by-Wire System, RZ Yoke Still a Year Away |author=Dave VanderWerp |date=September 20, 2023 |website=Car and Driver}}</ref> [[Toyota bZ4X]],<ref name="CapitalOne" /> and [[Geely]] Super Van.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.sustainabletruckvan.com/farizon-auto-super-van/ |title=Chinese Farizon Auto launches its brand-new electric Super VAN, ready by 2024. Europe is the target |date=January 30, 2023 |website=Sustainable Truck & Van}}</ref> As of 2023 [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]],<ref name="Kacher2024Lotus">{{citation |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/reviews/2024-lotus-eletre-review-iirst-international-drive |title=2024 Lotus Eletre review: First international drive |date=July 10, 2023 |author=Georg Kacher |website=Which Car?}}</ref> [[Mercedes-Benz]],<ref name="Mercedes-Tesla-DbW-2020s">{{citation |url=https://www.motor1.com/news/674975/new-mercedes-s-class-yoke-steering-physical-buttons/ |title=New Mercedes S-Class Could Have Yoke Steering Wheel, More Physical Buttons |website=Motor1.com |author=Anthony Alaniz |date=July 3, 2023}}</ref> [[Nio Inc.|Nio]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.autonews.com/china/zf-supply-steer-wire-system-nio |title=ZF to supply steer-by-wire system to Nio |author=Yang Jian |date=October 20, 2022 |website=[[Automotive News]]}}</ref> and [[Peugeot]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2023/01/hypersquare-steering-on-road-cars-by-2026-peugeot-ceo-says/ |title=Hypersquare Steering On Road Cars By 2026, Peugeot CEO Says |author=Chris Chilton |date=January 6, 2023 |website=Carscoops}}</ref> plan to offer no-steering-column steer-by-wire cars in the mid to late 2020s.▼
|total_width=400
|
|caption1=Tesla [[Cybertruck]]
▲|File:Cybertruck-fremont-cropped.jpg |Tesla [[Cybertruck]]
|alt1=Tesla Cybertruck at a parking lot.
|
|caption2=[[Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle]] |alt2=Two Canoo Lifestyle Vehicles on a factory floor.
|
|caption3=[[REE Automotive|REE]] P7-C class 4 electric truck |alt3=REE Automotive P7-C class 4 electric truck parked outside the Indianapolis convention center.
}}
▲Production [[battery electric vehicle]]s (BEVs) with rear-axle SbW coupled with traditional front-wheel steering include as of 2024 the [[Rolls-Royce Spectre]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/rolls-royce-spectre-review-electric/ |title=Rolls-Royce Spectre review: The pinnacle of electric motoring |author=Britta O'Boyle |date=July 3, 2023 |website=Pocket-lint}}</ref> [[Lotus Eletre]],<ref name="Kacher2024Lotus" /> [[GMC Hummer EV]], and [[Chevrolet Silverado EV]].<ref name="CapitalOne" />
▲Production BEVs with steer-by-wire with no steering column include as of 2024 the [[Tesla Cybertruck]]<ref>{{ citation | url=https://insideevs.com/news/698794/tesla-cybertruck-steer-wire/|title=Huzzah, The Tesla Cybertruck Has Steer-By-Wire|author=Kevin Williams|date=November 30, 2023| website=InsideEVs }}</ref> which is sold at retail, and the [[Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2023/11/22/a-2024-canoo-lifestyle-vehicle-first-drive-review/71672558007/ |title=The 2024 Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle rocks the boat in our first drive review |author=Frank Markus |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> and [[REE Automotive]] P7-C<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/edgarsten/2024/01/11/ree-automotive-delivers-first-totally-by-wire-commercial-truck-chassis/ |title=REE Automotive delivers first totally by-wire commercial truck chassis |author=Ed Garsten |date=January 11, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> which are sold to fleet operators. Planned production vehicles with no-steering-column SbW as of 2023 include: [[Lexus RZ|Lexus RZ 450e]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a45207395/lexus-steer-by-wire-yoke-update/ |title=Lexus Continues to Hone Steer-by-Wire System, RZ Yoke Still a Year Away |author=Dave VanderWerp |date=September 20, 2023 |website=Car and Driver}}</ref> [[Nio ET9]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a46275193/nio-et9-ev-flagship-revealed/ |title=Nio Reveals ET9 EV Flagship, Promising Ultra-Fast 600-KW Charging |author=Mike Duff |date=January 3, 2024 |website=Car and Driver}}</ref> [[Toyota bZ4X]],<ref name="CapitalOne" /> and [[Geely]] Super Van.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.sustainabletruckvan.com/farizon-auto-super-van/ |title=Chinese Farizon Auto launches its brand-new electric Super VAN, ready by 2024. Europe is the target |date=January 30, 2023 |website=Sustainable Truck & Van}}</ref> As of 2023 [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]],<ref name="Kacher2024Lotus">{{citation |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/reviews/2024-lotus-eletre-review-iirst-international-drive |title=2024 Lotus Eletre review: First international drive |date=July 10, 2023 |author=Georg Kacher |website=Which Car?}}</ref> [[Mercedes-Benz]],<ref name="Mercedes-Tesla-DbW-2020s">{{citation |url=https://www.motor1.com/news/674975/new-mercedes-s-class-yoke-steering-physical-buttons/ |title=New Mercedes S-Class Could Have Yoke Steering Wheel, More Physical Buttons |website=Motor1.com |author=Anthony Alaniz |date=July 3, 2023
==References==
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