United States Army: Difference between revisions

| image = [[File:Military service mark of the United States Army.svg|frameless]] <br />Official seal of the United States Army<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Trademarks/DOD%20Guide%20about%20use%20of%20seals%20logos%20insignia%20medals-16%20Oct%2015F.PDF |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405154729/http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Trademarks/DOD%20Guide%20about%20use%20of%20seals%20logos%20insignia%20medals-16%20Oct%2015F.PDF |url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2016 |title=Important Information and Guidelines About the Use of Department of Defense Seals, Logos, Insignia, and Service Medals |date=16 October 2015 |page=2 |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=United States Department of Defense}}</ref> <br />[[File:Logo of the United States Army 2023.svg|frameless|upright=1.0|]] <br />Wordmark<ref>{{cite web |work=US Army |url= https://www.army.mil/article/264594/new_army_brand_redefines_be_all_you_can_be_for_a_new_generation |date=8 March 2023 |title=New Army brand redefines 'Be All You Can Be' for a new generation}}</ref>

| size = {{ubl|452,689 active duty personnel<ref>{{cite web |title=Defense Manpower Data Center- Monthly Strength Summary |url=https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/api/download?fileName=ms0_2307.pdf&groupName=milTop |work=[[Defense Manpower Data Center]] |access-date=14 September 2023 }}</ref> | 325,218 [[Army National Guard]] personnel | 176,968 [[United States Army Reserves|Army Reserve]] personnel<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/api/download?fileName=DRS_42486_SelRes_202307.pdf&groupName=resRankGrade |title=Department of Defense: Selected Reserves by Rank/Grade |date=July 31, 2023 |work=[[Defense Manpower Data Center]] |access-date=14 September 2023 }}</ref> | 1954,073,200875 total uniformed personnel (official data as of July 31, 2023) | 330265,000 civilian personnel<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/find-your-path/army-civilians.html|title=Army Civilians|website=goarmy.com|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> | 4,406 crewed aircraft<ref name="WAF2018">{{cite journal |title=World Air Forces 2018 |journal=Flightglobal |page=17 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/21905 |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> }}

<!-- Commanders -->
| commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the President of the United States.svg|size=25px}} [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]]

| commander6 = [[Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer|CW5]] Yolondria Dixon-Carter
| commander6_label = [[Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer]]
| commander7 = {{Flagicon image| Flag of the Sergeant Major of the United States Army.svg|size=25px}} [[Sergeant Major of the Army|SMA]] [[Michael R. Weimer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/webcast/32423|title=Webcast: Relinquishment of Responsibility for GEN James McConville / Change of Responsibility SMA Michael Grinston|access-date=2023-07-28|website=DVIDS}}</ref>

| commander6_labelcommander7_label = [[Sergeant Major of the Army]]

By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the "[[National Army (USA)|National Army]]" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=John Patrick|author2=Romana Danysh|editor=Jeffrey J. Clarke|year=1998|title=Military Intelligence|chapter=Chapter 2: World War I|series=Army Lineage Series|publisher=[[Center of Military History, United States Army]]|isbn=978-0160488283|oclc=35741383|location=Washington, D.C., United States|at=online|chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/mi/ch2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830141819/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/mi/ch2.htm|archive-date=30 August 2009}}</ref> It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the state militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "[[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |last=Pullen |first=Randy |date=23 April 2008|title=Army Reserve Marks First 100 Years|format=online article|publisher=DefenceTalk|archive-date=24 April 2008|access-date=8 August 2008<!--based on page oldid=230430444-->|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/news/publish/army/Army_Reserve_Marks_First_100_Years110015618.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424165606/http://www.defencetalk.com/news/publish/army/Army_Reserve_Marks_First_100_Years110015618.php}}</ref>

In 1941, the "[[Army of the United States]]" was founded to fight World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/139620/americas_entry_into_world_war_ii_remembered_73_years_later|title=America's entry into World War II remembered 73 years later|last=Vergun|first=David|date=December 9, 2014|website=United States Army|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> The Regular Army, Army of the United States, the National Guard, and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the [[United States Army Reserve]]. The Army of the United States was re-established for the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]] and was demobilized upon the suspension of the [[Conscription in the United States|draft]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Currently, the Army is divided into the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]], the Army Reserve, and the [[Army National Guard]].<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Some states further maintain [[state defense force]]s, as a type of reserve to the National Guard, while all states maintain regulations for [[Militia (United States)|state militias]].<ref>Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Military compensation background papers, Seventh edition, page 229. Department of Defense, 2005.</ref> State militias are both "organized", meaning that they are armed forces usually part of the state defense forces, or "unorganized" simply meaning that all able-bodied males may be eligible to be called into military service.

The U.S. Army is also divided into [[List of United States Army careers|several branches and functional areas]]. Branches include officers, warrant officers, and enlisted Soldiers while functional areas consist of officers who are reclassified from their former branch into a functional area. However, officers continue to wear the [[United States Army branch insignia|branch insignia]] of their former branch in most cases, as functional areas do not generally have discrete insignia. Some branches, such as [[United States Army Special Forces|Special Forces]], operate similarly to functional areas in that individuals may not join their ranks until having served in another Army branch. Careers in the Army can extend into cross-functional areas for officerofficers,<ref name=AACSL>{{Cite web|url=https://asc.army.mil/web/news-military-career-corner-dacm-july-2018/|title=Military (Officer) Corner: Army Acquisition Centralized Selection List|first=Aris|last=Morris|date=August 2018 }}</ref> warrant officerofficers, enlisted, and civilian personnel.

Before 1933, members of the Army National Guard members were considered state militia until they were mobilized into the U.S. Army, typically onat the onset of war. Since the 1933 amendment to the [[National Defense Act of 1916]], all Army National Guard soldiers have held dual status. They serve as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and as reserve members of the U.S. Army under the authority of the president, in the Army National Guard of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.com/guard-history|title=History of the Army National Guard|website=Army National Guard|access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

The U.S. Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month – known as [[Battle Assembly|battle assemblies]] or unit training assemblies (UTAs) – and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under [[Title 10 of the United States Code]], while the National Guard is organized under [[Title 32 of the United States Code|Title 32]]. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained, and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors. However, the [[District of Columbia National Guard]] reports to the U.S. president, not the [[Mayor of the District of Columbia|district's mayor]], even when not federalized. Any or all of the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.<ref>''Perpich v. Department of Defense'', 496 U.S. 334 (1990)</ref>

The U.S. Army is led by a civilian [[United States Secretary of the Army|secretary of the Army]], who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction, and control of the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title10/pdf/USCODE-2008-title10-subtitleB-partI-chap303-sec3013.pdf|title=10 U.S.C. 3013 |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> The [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|chief of staff of the Army]], who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the [[president of the United States]], the secretary of defense and the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] on operational military matters, under the guidance of the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|chairman]] and [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title10/pdf/USCODE-2008-title10-subtitleB-partI-chap305-sec3033.pdf|title=10 U.S.C. 3033|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title10/pdf/USCODE-2008-title10-subtitleA-partI-chap5-sec151.pdf|title=10 U.S.C. 151|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> In 1986, the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the president to the secretary of defense directly to the [[Unified Combatant Command|unified combatant commanders]], who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility, thus the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the secretary of defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title10/pdf/USCODE-2008-title10-subtitleA-partI-chap6-sec162.pdf|title=10 U.S.C. 162|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

From 2013 through 2017, the Army sustained organizational and end-strength reductions after several years of [[Grow the Army|growth]]. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active brigade combat teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active-duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. Army chiefChief of staffStaff Raymond Odierno projected that the Army was to shrink to "450,000 in the active component, 335,000 in the National Guard, and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve" by 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.army.mil/article/140768/CSA__SMA_hold_virtual_town_hall/|title=CSA Odierno and SMA Chandler virtual town hall, Jan 6, 2015 |website= army.mil |publisher=Army.mil|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> However, this plan was scrapped by the incoming Trump administration, with subsequent plans to expand the Army by 16,000 soldiers to a total of 476,000 by October 2017. The National Guard and the Army Reserve will see a smaller expansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2017/06/06/army-offers-up-to-90k-bonuses-to-lure-troops-back.html|title=Army offers up to $90K bonuses to lure troops back|date=6 June 2017|website=Foxbusiness.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daily-chronicle.com/2017/06/07/needing-troops-u-s-army-offers-up-to-90k-bonuses-to-re-enlist/ae1ebzz/|title=Needing troops, U.S. Army offers up to $90K bonuses to re-enlist|website=Daily-chronicle.com|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011170803/http://www.daily-chronicle.com/2017/06/07/needing-troops-u-s-army-offers-up-to-90k-bonuses-to-re-enlist/ae1ebzz/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Within the Army National Guard and United States Army Reserve, there are a further eight divisions, 27 brigade combat teams, additional combat support and combat service support brigades, and independent cavalry, infantry, artillery, aviation, engineer, and support battalions. The Army Reserve in particular provides virtually all psychological operations and civil affairs units.

|Manages seven special forces groups designed to deploy and execute nine doctrinal missions: [[unconventional warfare]], [[foreign internal defense]], [[direct action (military)|direct action]], [[counter-insurgency]], [[special reconnaissance]], [[counter-terrorism]], [[information operations]], [[counterproliferation]] of [[weapon of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]], and [[Security Force Assistance Brigade#Overview|security force assistance]]. The command also manages two [[Psychological operations (United States)|psychological operations]] groups—tasked to work with foreign nations to induce or reinforce behavior favorable to U.S. objectives—a [[95th Civil Affairs Brigade|civil affairs brigade]]—that enables military commanders and [[Ambassadors of the United States|U.S. ambassadors]] to improve relationships with various stakeholders via five battalions—and a [[528th Sustainment Brigade (United States)|sustainment brigade]]—that provides combat service support and combat health support units via three distinct battalions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soc.mil/USASFC/HQ.html|title=USASFC Home Page|website=soc.mil|access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

|Selects and trains special forces, civil affairs, and psychological operations soldiers, consisting of two groups and other various training units and offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swcs.mil|title=The official website of the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School|website=swcs.mil|access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

The Army's Talent Management Task Force (TMTF) has deployed IPPS-A,<ref name= ipps-a>{{cite web |url= https://ipps-a.army.mil/ |title= Integrated Personnel and Pay System – Army}}</ref> the [[Integrated Personnel and Pay System - Army]], an app which serves the National Guard, and on 17 January 2023 the Army Reserve and Active Army.<ref name= golive >IPPS-A [https://ipps-a.army.mil/ (17 January 2023) Release 3 is Live for all component users!!]</ref> Soldiers were reminded to update their information using the legacy systems to keep their payroll and personnel information current by December 2021. IPPS-A is the Human Resources system for the Army, is now available for download for Android, or the Apple store.<ref name= ipps-aApple>[https://www.army.mil/article/247107/new_army_pay_personnel_mobile_app Army Public Affairs(2 Jun 2021) New Army pay, personnel mobile app] and [https://ipps-a.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/IPPS-ALive_29Mar_FINAL.pdf unifies unit and location information for all Soldiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609062525/https://ipps-a.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/IPPS-ALive_29Mar_FINAL.pdf |date=9 June 2021 }} using Army Organization Server data interface (AOSDI), unified with IPPS-A on the back-end. This allows aggregation of data on ACOM/ASCC, Corps, Division, Brigade, Battalion, Company, Platoon, and Squad levels</ref> It will be used for future promotions and other personnel decisions. Among the changes are:

Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories – individual and collective. Because of COVID-19 precautions, the first two weeks of [[basic training]] — not including processing and out-processing – incorporate social distancing and indoor desk-oriented training. Once the recruits have tested negative for COVID-19 for two weeks, the remaining 8&nbsp;weeks follow the traditional activities for most recruits,<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.army.mil/article/235841/brigades_move_to_new_model_for_basic_training| title= Mitch Meador (21 May 2020) Brigades move to new model for basic training| date= 21 May 2020}}</ref> followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their [[List of United States Army careers|military occupational specialties (MOS)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/job-training/advanced-individual-training|title=Advanced Individual Training Overview|website=goarmy.com|access-date=July 10, 2024}}</ref> Some individual's MOSs range anywhere from 14 to 20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS. The length of time spent in AIT depends on the soldier's MOS of the soldier. Certain highly technical MOS training requires many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the army's needs of the army, [[United States Army Basic Training#Basic Combat Training|Basic Combat Training]] for combat arms soldiers is conducted at aseveral numberlocations. of locationsStill, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the [[United States Army Infantry School|Infantry School]], both at [[Fort Moore]], Georgia. Sergeant Major of the Army Dailey notes that an infantrymen's pilot program for [[One Station Unit Training]] (OSUT) extends 8 weeks beyond Basic Training and AIT, to 22 weeks. The pilot, designed to boost infantry readiness ended in December 2018. The new Infantry OSUT covered the [[M240]] machine gun as well as the [[M249 light machine gun|M249 squad automatic weapon]].<ref name=m240,249>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/211809/soldiers_train_on_m240_machine_gun_during_22_week_infantry_osut_transformation|title=Soldiers train on M240 machine gun during 22-week Infantry OSUT transformation|website= Army.mil|date=28 September 2018 }}</ref> The redesigned Infantry OSUT started in 2019.<ref name=daileyOSUT>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/207819/sgt_maj_of_the_army_extending_training_would_bolster_readiness_lethality|title=Sgt. Maj. of the Army: Extending training would bolster readiness, lethality|website=Army.mil|date=28 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name=extendedOSUT>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/210695/extended_osut_allows_repetition_to_hone_combat_skills_major_general_says|title=Extended OSUT allows repetition to hone combat skills, major general says|website= Army.mil|date=6 September 2018 }}</ref> Depending on the result of the 2018 pilot, OSUTs could also extend training in other combat arms beyond the infantry.<ref name=daileyOSUT /> One Station Unit Training will be extended to 22 weeks for Armor by Fiscal Year 2021.<ref name=Strategy2018 /> Additional OSUTs are expanding to Cavalry, Engineer, and Military Police (MP) in the succeeding Fiscal Years.<ref name= addedOsuts >{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/211324/preparing_for_current_and_future_army_drill_sergeant_mission_requirements_through_adaptive_measures|title=Preparing for current and future Army drill sergeant mission requirements through adaptive measures|website= Army.mil|date=25 September 2018 }}</ref>

The [[United States Army Combat Fitness Test]] (ACFT) was introduced in 2018 to 60 battalions spread throughout the Army.<ref name=6acftEvents /> The test and scoring system is the same for all soldiers, regardless of gender. It takes an hour to complete, including restingrest periods.<ref name=speed>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/212069/post_gets_look_at_new_fitness_test|title=Post gets look at new fitness test|website= Army.mil|date=4 October 2018 }}</ref> The ACFT supersedes the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT),<ref name= apftInterimCovid >[https://www.army.mil/article/235907/sma_expects_acft_to_continue_as_planned_in_covid_19_environment Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (22 May 2020) SMA expects ACFT to continue as planned in COVID-19 environment] "Soldiers can use their last APFT score to remain promotion eligible."</ref><ref name=apftUseForRetention>{{Cite web|url=https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN13963_AD2018_22_Final.pdf|title=Army Directive 2018–22 (8 Nov 2018) Retention Policy for Non-Deployable Soldiers|website=Armypubs.army.mil|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/213757/non_deployable_directive_to_help_army_work_toward_more_lethal_force|title=Non-deployable directive to help Army work toward more 'lethal' force|website= Army.mil|date=16 November 2018 }}</ref> as being more relevant to survival in combat.<ref name=6acftEvents>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/211748/acft_ensures_soldiers_are_lethal_physically_conditioned|title=ACFT ensures Soldiers are lethal, physically conditioned|website= Army.mil|date=28 September 2018 }}</ref> Six events were determined to better predict which muscle groups of the body were adequately conditioned for combat actions:<ref name=speed /> three deadlifts,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jv96WKme3Mo| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226201737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jv96WKme3Mo&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=26 December 2018 | url-status=dead|title=Army Combat Fitness Test: 3 Repetition Maximum Deadlift (MDL) (Event 1)|date=24 October 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> a standing power throw of a ten-pound medicine ball,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1DXoQ_Vjl8| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412132741/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1DXoQ_Vjl8| archive-date=12 April 2019 | url-status=dead|title=Army Combat Fitness Test: Standing Power Throw (SPT) (Event 2)|date=24 October 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> hand-release pushups<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jMmXpHktn0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1jMmXpHktn0| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=5 Hand Release Pushup event execution|date=17 May 2019|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (which replace the traditional pushup), a sprint/drag/carry 250 yard event,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lD-9nPvTNo0| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417025926/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lD-9nPvTNo0| archive-date=17 April 2019 | url-status=dead|title=Army Combat Fitness Test: Sprint-Drag-Carry (SDC) (Event 4)|date=29 October 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> three pull-ups with leg tucks (or a plank test in lieu of the leg tuck),<ref>{{cite web| url= https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/army-revamps-fitness-exam-kicks-leg-tuck-test-76612138| title= Lolita C Baldor (22 Mar 2021) Army revamps fitness exam, kicks out leg tuck requirement| website= [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zn3LdsQ-wHg| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414034444/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zn3LdsQ-wHg| archive-date=14 April 2019 | url-status=dead|title=Army Combat Fitness Test: Leg Tuck (LTK) (Event 5)|date=24 October 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> a mandatory rest period, and a two-mile run.<ref name=videoACFT>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnVTW1Lh7zk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/RnVTW1Lh7zk| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT)|date=25 July 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As of 1 October 2020 all soldiers from all three components (Regular Army, Reserve, and National Guard)<ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/221703/secfor_soldiers_crawl_through_acft_familiarization SGT Zach Mott (May 10, 2019) SECFOR Soldiers 'Crawl' Through ACFT Familiarization] SECFOR Soldiers serve as the security force (force protection during a deployment)</ref> are subject to this test.<ref name=allSoldiersOct2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/210899/army_secretary_new_fitness_test_measures_combat_readiness|title=Army secretary: New fitness test measures combat readiness|website= Army.mil|date=7 September 2018 }}</ref><ref name= COs,CSMsOnACFT >{{cite webnews| url= https://www.army.mil/article/224941/pre_command_course_conducts_diagnostic_army_combat_fitness_test| title= Harry Sarles (July 24, 2019) Pre-Command Course conducts diagnostic Army Combat Fitness Test| newspaper= www.army.mil| date= 24 July 2019}}</ref> The ACFT now tests all soldiers in basic training as of October 2020. The ACFT became the official test of record on 1 October 2020; before that day, every Army unit was required to complete a diagnostic ACFT<ref name= acftKyGuard1st >[https://www.army.mil/article/231357/kentucky_guard_first_to_receive_acft_equipment Maj. Stephen Martin (December 27, 2019) Kentucky Guard first to receive ACFT equipment] "36,608 ACFT sets for the total army by May 15". "The Army is focused on the tactical athlete".

Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); the [[National Training Center]] (NTC) at [[Fort Irwin]], California, the [[Fort Johnson#JRTC moves to Polk|Joint Readiness Training Center]] (JRTC) at [[Fort Johnson]], Louisiana and the [[Grafenwoehr Training Area|Joint Multinational Training Center]] (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area in [[Hohenfels, Bavaria|Hohenfels and Grafenwöhr]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/213003/workshop_guides_future_growth_in_grafenwoehr|title=Workshop guides future growth in Grafenwoehr|website= Army.mil|date=26 October 2018 }}</ref> Germany. [[ARFORGEN|ReARMM]] is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2020 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment, at the unit level and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental U.S. (CONUS) replacement center (CRC) at [[Fort Bliss]], in New Mexico and Texas before their individual deployment.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171214183306/http://fortblissbugle.com/2017/12/13/conus-replacement-center-receives-new-command/ (13 December 2017) CONUS Replacement Center receives new command]}} CRC 5 transition to CRC 6</ref>

Chief of Staff Milley notes that the Army is suboptimized for training in cold-weather regions, jungles, mountains, or urban areas. where inIn contrast, the Army does well when training for deserts or rolling terrain.<ref name=fy2019ArmyTestimony >{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIhC4zswW8I |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/AIhC4zswW8I| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request|date=16 May 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{rp|minute 1:26:00}} Post 9/11, Army unit-level training was for counter-insurgency (COIN); by 2014–2017, training had shifted to decisive action training.<ref name=Ausa2018 >{{Cite web|url=https://www.ausa.org/news/army-updates-mobilization-model|title=Army Updates Mobilization Model|date=8 October 2018|website=Association of the United States Army}}</ref>

The United States Army employs various weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapon type used by the army is the [[M4 carbine]], a compact variant of the [[M16 rifle]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m4.html M4]. U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> alongwhich withis thebeing 7.62×51mmreplaced variantgradually ofby the [[FNXM7 SCAR]] for [[United States Army Rangersrifle|ArmyM7 Rangersrifle]].Then theamong futureclose weaponcombat isunits.<ref>{{Cite theweb M7,|last=Keller which|first=Jared fires a 6.8mm round.|date=2024-03-29 |title=The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army isHas theFinally 9&nbsp;mmFielded [[BerettaIts M9|M9Next pistol]];Generation theSquad [[M11Weapons pistol]] is also used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sigsauermilitary.com/p229daily-m11news/2024/03/29/army-a1has-compactfinally-fielded-its-next-generation-squad-weapons.html |titleaccess-date=M112024-A110-04 Compact|website=sigsauerMilitary.com |access-datelanguage=July 11, 2024en}}</ref> BothThe handgunsprimary aresidearm toin bethe replacedU.S. byArmy is the [[SIG Sauer M17|M17]] pistol <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Matthew |last2=Seck |first2=Hope Hodge |date=20 January 2017 |title=Army Picks Sig Sauer's P320 Handgun to Replace M9 Service Pistol |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/19/army-picks-sig-sauer-replace-m9-service-pistol.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120065328/https://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/01/19/army-picks-sig-sauer-replace-m9-service-pistol.html |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[Military.com]] |language=en}}</ref> through the [[Modular Handgun System]] program.<ref>[http://www.peosoldier.army.mil/portfolio/#231 Individual Weapons Future Innovations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724043400/http://www.peosoldier.army.mil/portfolio/#231 |date=24 July 2014}}, Project Manager Soldier Weapons.</ref> Soldiers are also equipped with various [[hand grenade]]s, such as the [[M67 grenade|M67 fragmentation grenade]] and [[Smoke grenade|M18 smoke grenade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/131770/three_million_m18_grenades_produced_without_a_failure|title=Three million M18 grenades produced without a failure|last=Selby|first=Rachael|date=August 18, 2014|website=Army.mil|access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a22935/us-army-et-mp-grenade/|title=The U.S. Army Is Designing Its First New Grenade in 40 Years|last=Mizokami|first=Kyle|date=September 20, 2016|website=popular mechanics|access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

* {{Official website|https://www.army.mil}}