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Craspedocephalus malabaricus: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =Pit viperDifferent headmorphs of Malabar pit viper.jpg
| image_caption= Color morphs of ''Craspedocephalus malabaricus''
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1▼
| status = LC
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = Srinivasulu, C. | author2 = Srinivasulu, B. | author3 = Shankar, G. | author4 = Thakur, S. | author5 = Kulkarni, N.U. | author6 = Jose, J. | last-author-amp = yes | title = ''Trimeresurus malabaricus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2013 | page = e.T172708A1372028 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2013 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/172708/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172708A1372028.en | access-date = 27 December 2017}}</ref>▼
▲| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
|genus=Trimeresurus
▲| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journaliucn | author = Srinivasulu, C. | author2 = Srinivasulu, B. | author3 = Shankar, G. | author4 = Thakur, S. | author5 = Kulkarni, N.U. | author6 = Jose, J. | lastname-authorlist-style=amp = yes | title = ''Trimeresurus Craspedocephalus malabaricus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2013 | page = e.T172708A1372028 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2013 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/172708/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172708A1372028.en | access-date = 27 December 2017}}</ref>
|species=malabaricus▼
| genus = Craspedocephalus
|authority=([[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1854)▼
▲| species = malabaricus
|synonyms= ▼
▲| authority = ([[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1854)
▲| synonyms= =
{{collapsible list |
*''Trigonocephalus'' (''Cophias'') ''malabaricus'' <small>Jerdon, 1854</small>
*''Trigonocephalus'' (''Cophias'') ''wardii'' <small>Jerdon, 1854</small>
*''Trimesurus Malabaricus'' <br/><small>&ndash; [[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1862</small>
*''Trimesurus Wardii'' <small>&ndash; Beddome, 1862</small>
*''Trimeresurus anamallensis'' <br/><small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864</small>
*''Crotalus Trimeres''[''urus'']. ''anamallensis'' <small>&ndash; Higgins, 1873</small>
*''Crotalus Trimeres''[''urus'']. ''Wardii'' <br/><small>&ndash; Higgins, 1873</small>
*''B''[''othrops'']. ''anamallensis'' <br/><small>&ndash; [[Fritz Müller (doctor)|F. Müller]], 1878</small>
*''Lachesis anamallensis'' <small>&ndash; [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896</small>
*''Lachesis malabaricus'' <small>&ndash; [[C. R. Narayan Rao|Rao]], 1917</small>
*''Lachesis coorgensis'' <small>Rao, 1917</small>
*''Trimeresurus malabaricus'' <small>&ndash; [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1943</small><ref name=McD99>McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>▼
*''Trimeresurus (Craspedocephalus) malabaricus'' <small>&ndash; David et al., 2011</small><ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}
}}
 
'''''TrimeresurusCraspedocephalus''''' '''''malabaricus''''', (formerly ''Trimeresurus malabaricus)'' commonly known as '''''Malabar pit viper''''', or '''''Malabar rock pit viper'''''<ref name=Meh87>Mehrtens JM. 1987. ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.</ref>,<ref name=Gum04>Gumprecht A, Tillack F, [[:fr:Nikolaï Orlov|Orlov NL]], [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], Ryabov S. 2004. ''Asian Pitvipers''. Geitje Books. Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.</ref> or '''rock viper''',<ref name=meh1987/> is a [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[pit viper]] [[species]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to the high-moderate elevations of [[Western Ghats]] of southwestern [[India]]. NoRecently this species complex was split into three different species: ''C. malabaricus'' (north of Palghat gap), [[subspeciesCraspedocephalus travancoricus|''C. travancoricus'']] are(south currentlyof recognizedShengottai gap), and [[Craspedocephalus anamallensis|''C. anamallensis'']] (south of Palghat gap up to north of Shengottai gap).<ref name=ITIS>{{ITISCite journal |idlast1=634923Mallik |taxonfirst1=TrimeresurusAshok Kumar malabaricus|accessdatelast2=11Srikanthan March|first2=Achyuthan 2007Needamangalam |last3=Ganesh |first3=Sumaithangi Rajagopalan |last4=Vijayakumar |first4=Seenapuram Palaniswamy |last5=Campbell |first5=Patrick D. |last6=Malhotra |first6=Anita |last7=Shanker |first7=Kartik |date=2021-10-06 |title=Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics – A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity |url=https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/66239/ |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |volume=71 |pages=577–619 |doi=10.3897/vz.71.e66239 |doi-access=free |issn=2625-8498}}</ref>
 
==Description==
Adults may attain a snout-vent length (SVL) of {{convertcvt|105|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The tail is [[prehensile]].<ref name="Das2002">Das, Indraneil. 2002. ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India''. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Trimeresurus malabaricus'', p. 66.)</ref>▼
[[File:Malabar pit viper.jpg|left|thumb|240px|''T. malabaricus''.]]
▲Adults may attain a snout-vent length (SVL) of {{convert|105|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The tail is [[prehensile]].<ref name="Das2002">Das, Indraneil. 2002. ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India''. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Trimeresurus malabaricus'', p. 66.)</ref>
 
The weakly keeled [[dorsal scale]]s are arranged in 21 or 19 rows at midbody. [[Ventral scales]] in the males number 143-158 and in females 136-159. [[Anal scale]] entire. [[Subcaudals]] paired and numbering 50-63 in males, 44-54 in females. [[Internasals]] large and usually touching. There are 9 or 10 [[supralabials]], the first completely separated from the nasal. There is a single row of scales between supralabials and elongate [[subocular]]. The [[temporal scales]] are smooth or obliquely keeled.<ref name=Whi04>[[Romulus Whitaker|Whitaker R]], Captain A. 2004. ''Snakes of India, The Field Guide''. Draco books.</ref>
Line 32 ⟶ 38:
Many different colour morphs are known to exist, including colours such as yellow, green, and brown. Shown here is a brown colour morph with pattern.
 
{{Gallery
[[File:Trimeresurus Malabaricus.JPG|thumb|A brown morph of Malabar Pit viper in ambush position.]]▼
|Malabar pit-viper morphs (head).jpg| Collage of few different morphs
[[File:Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg|thumb|''T. malabaricus'', brown morph.]]▼
|Malabar pit viper.jpg|Dorsal view
▲[[File:|Trimeresurus Malabaricus.JPG|thumb|A brownBrown morph of Malabar Pit viper in ambush position.]]
▲[[File:|Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg|thumb|''T. malabaricus'', brownBrown morph.]]
}}
 
==Distribution and habitat==
The species is endemic to [[Western Ghats]] mountains, occurring along the southern and western [[India]] at {{convert|600|-|2000|m}} elevation. The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is the [[Western Ghats]] of southwestern [[India]]. Records of this species are from [[Agasthyamalai]],Silent [[Travancore]]Valley hills,National [[Periyar TigerPark|Silent ReserveValley]], [[Meghamalai]], [[Palni hills]], [[Anaimalai]], parts of lower, western [[Nilgiris]], [[Wayanad]], [[Coorg]], [[Malnad]] region of [[Karnataka]], [[Castle Rock, Karnataka|Castle Rock]], [[Goa]] and northwards into [[Maharashtra]] in the [[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli]] hills and Kolhapur area.<ref name=McD99/> It inhabits riparian forests and is very partial to hill streams and torrents, situated within dense wet [[rainforest]]s, sometimes also [[evergreen]] and [[deciduous]] forests, where it may be found on the ground, on rocks present in [[stream]] beds, on low vegetation, or in [[shrub]]s.<ref name="Das2002"/>{{verify source|date=January 2019}}
 
==Ecology==
The Malabar pit viper is [[nocturnal]] and usually inactive in the day, sometimes seen basking on rocks or trees near streams. It is more commonly encountered during the [[monsoon]] months. The species preys upon [[frog]]s, [[lizard]]s, nestling [[bird]]s, [[musk shrew]]s, [[mice]] and other small animals.<ref name="Das2002"/>{{verify source|date=January 2019}}
 
==Venom==
''TC. malabaricus'' is slow-moving, but capable of fast strikes. Its [[venom]] causes moderate pain and swelling to humans. These symptoms subside in a day or two.<ref name=Whi04/>
 
==See also==
*[[List of crotaline species and subspecies]]
*{{c|Trimeresurus by common name}}
*{{c|Trimeresurus by taxonomic synonyms}}
*{{c|Crotalinae by common name}}
*{{c|Crotalinae by taxonomic synonyms}}
*[[Snakebite]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}|refs=
▲*''Trimeresurus malabaricus'' <small>&ndash; [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1943</small><ref name=McD99>McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
<ref name=meh1987>{{cite book |last1=Mehrtens |first1=John M. |title=Living snakes of the world in color |date=1987 |publisher=Sterling Pub. Co |isbn=9780806964607 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/livingsnakesofwo00mehr }}</ref>
*{{NRDB species|genus=Trimeresurus|species=malabaricus|date=14 November|year=2007}}▼
}}
 
==Further reading==
{{refbeginRefbegin}}
 
*[[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon, T.C.]] 1854 ["1853"]. Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal '''22''': 522-534.
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith, M.A.]] 1943. ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.&mdash;Serpentes''. Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xii + 583 pp. (''Trimeresurus malabaricus'', p.&nbsp;513.)
{{refendRefend}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons category|Trimeresurus malabaricus}}
▲*{{NRDB species|genus=Trimeresurus|species=malabaricus|date=14 November|year=2007}}
{{Trimeresurus}}
{{Squamata families}}
 
{{Taxonbar|fromfrom1=Q109232820|from2=Q2477212}}
 
[[Category:Craspedocephalus|malabaricus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1854]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Trimeresurus|malabaricusTaxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Tamil Nadu]]
<!-- Craspedocephalus malabaricus -->
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