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Line 44: }} The '''BMW Group''' (legally, '''Bayerische Motoren Werke AG''', commonly abbreviated to '''BMW''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˌbeːʔɛmˈveː\|–\|De-BMW.ogg}}), sometimes anglicized as '''Bavarian Motor Works'''), is a German multinational manufacturer of [[luxury vehicle]]s and [[motorcycle]]s headquartered in [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], Germany. The company was founded in 1916 as a manufacturer of [[aircraft engine]]s, which it produced from 1917 to 1918 and again from 1933 to 1945 creating engines for aircraft that were used in the [[World War II\|Second World War]]. The companies automobiles are marketed under the BMW, [[Mini (marque)\|Mini]] and [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars\|Rolls-Royce]] brands, and motorcycles are marketed under the [[BMW Motorrad]] brand. InAlso in 2023, BMW was the world's [[List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production\|ninth-largest producer of motor vehicles]], with 2,555,341 vehicles produced<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html \|title=2023 Worldwide Car Sales by Manufacturer \|publisher=F&I Tools USA \|date=2023 \|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> and in ~~2022~~2023 the ~~7th~~6th largest by revenue.<ref>~~{{Cite web\|url=~~https://~~www~~de.~~factorywarrantylist~~statista.com/~~car~~statistik/daten/studie/30723/umfrage/umsatz-~~sales~~der-byweltweit-~~revenue.html\|title=Top 20 Automakers by Revenue \| Worldwide Car Sales Revenue\|website=F&I Tools}}~~fuehrenden-automobilhersteller/</ref> In 2023, the company was ranked 46th in the [[Forbes Global 2000]].<ref>{{Cite web\|lang=en\|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=51d599675ac0\|title=The Global 2000 2023\|website=Forbes\|access-date=2024-02-07\|archive-date=2024-01-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0}}</ref> The company has significant motor-sport history, especially in [[touring car racing\|touring cars]], [[sports car racing\|sports cars]], and the [[Isle of Man TT]]. BMW is [[BMW Headquarters\|headquartered in Munich]] and produces motor vehicles in Germany, ~~Brazil,~~the ~~China,~~United ~~India, Mexico~~Kingdom, the Netherlands (ceased in 2023),<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2352434-tegenslag-voor-nedcar-bmw-stopt-in-2023-met-de-productie-in-born\|title=Tegenslag voor Nedcar: BMW stopt in 2023 met de productie in Born\|date=15 October 2020\|website=nos.nl}}</ref> ~~South~~the ~~Africa~~United States, ~~the~~Brazil, ~~United Kingdom~~Mexico, ~~and~~South ~~the~~Africa, ~~United~~India ~~States~~and China. The {{Interlanguage link multi\|Quandt (family)\|lt=Quandt family\|de\|3=Quandt (Familie)}} is a long-term shareholder of the company, following investments by the brothers [[Herbert Quandt\|Herbert]] and [[Harald Quandt]] in 1959 that saved BMW from [[bankruptcy]], with the remaining shares owned by [[Public float\|the public]]. ==History== Line 74: The first modern mass-produced turbocharged petrol engine was introduced in 2006 (from 1973 to 1975, BMW built 1,672 units of a turbocharged [[BMW M10]] engine for the [[BMW 02 Series]]),<ref>[https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3826800 "BMW 2002 turbo"]. {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425132944/https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3826800 \|date=25 April 2023 }}. BMW Group. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</ref> with most engines switching over to turbocharging over the 2010s. The first hybrid BMW was the 2010 [[BMW 7 Series (F01)\|BMW ActiveHybrid 7]], and BMW's first mass-production electric car was the [[BMW i3]] city car, which was released in 2013, (from 1968 to 1972, BMW built two battery-electric [[BMW 02 Series\|BMW 1602 Elektro]] saloons for the 1972 Olympic Games).<ref>[https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3921907 "BMW 1602 Elektro"]. {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428080131/https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3921907 \|date=28 April 2022 }}. BMW. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</ref> After many years of establishing a reputation for sporting rear-wheel drive cars, BMW's first [[front-wheel drive]] car was the 2014 [[BMW 2 Series Active Tourer]] [[Minivan\|multi-purpose vehicle (MPV)]]. In March 2018, Daimler and BMW merged their mobility services.<ref>{{Cite ~~web~~journal \|title=BMW et Daimler regroupent leurs services de mobilité \|url=https://www.usine-digitale.fr/article/bmw-et-daimler-regroupent-leurs-services-mobilites.N673254 \|website=usine digitale\|date=28 March 2018 \|last1=Digitale \|first1=Usine }}</ref> In August 2019, [[Oliver Zipse]] replaced [[Harald Krüger]] as the head of the BMW Group.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Oliver Zipse appointed new Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG \|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0298910EN/oliver-zipse-appointed-new-chairman-of-the-board-of-management-of-bmw-ag?language=en \|website=press bmw group}}</ref> === 21st century === In January 2021, BMW announced that its sales in 2020 fell by 8.4 percent due to the impact of [[COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions. However, in the fourth quarter of 2020, BMW witnessed a rise of 3.2% in its customers' demands.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=12 January 2021 \|title=BMW sales fall 8.4% in 2020 as coronavirus takes toll \|work=Reuters \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bmw-results-idUSKBN29H0Y7 \|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> This recovery was supported by the company's adoption of widely accepted technologies and integration of third-party services such as Apple Pay and on-demand music.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Kukkamalla \|first=Prasanna Kumar \|last2=Bikfalvi \|first2=Andrea \|last3=Arbussa \|first3=Anna \|date=2021-07-07 \|title=The new BMW: business model innovation transforms an automotive leader \|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JBS-02-2020-0021/full/html \|journal=Journal of Business Strategy \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=4 \|pages=268–277 \|doi=10.1108/JBS-02-2020-0021 \|issn=0275-6668\|hdl=10256/19355 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref> On 18 January 2022 BMW announced a BMW 7 Series (G11) special edition simply called "The Final V12",<ref name="Road">{{cite web \|last=Silvestro \|first=Brian \|date=18 January 2022 \|title=BMW Waves Goodbye to the V-12 With a Final Edition M760Li \|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a38803898/bmw-m760li-final-edition-v12/ \|work=Road & Track \|publisher=Hearst Communications}}</ref> the last BMW series production vehicle to be fitted with a V-12 engine.<ref name="Road" /> Line 96: === Company name === BMW is an abbreviation for ''Bayerische Motoren Werke'' ~~({{IPA\|de\|ˈbaɪ̯ʁɪʃə mɔˈtʰɔʁn̩ ˈvɛɐ̯kə}})~~. This name is grammatically incorrect (in German, compound words must not contain spaces), which is why the grammatically correct form of the name, ''Bayerische Motorenwerke'' ({{IPA\|de\|~~ˈbaɪ̯ʁɪʃə~~ˈbaɪʁɪʃə ~~mɔˈtʰɔʁn̩vɛɐ̯kə~~moˈtoːʁənˌvɛʁkə\|-\|GT BMW-AG.ogg}}) has been used in several publications and advertisements in the past.<ref>Hans List: ''Vorwort und Einführung zum Gesamtwerk. Band 1 von Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine'', Springer, Wien, 1949. {{ISBN\|9783662294888}}. ''Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen''</ref><ref>Roland Löwisch: ''BMW - Die schönsten Modelle: 100 Jahre Design und Technik' by azar''. HEEL, 2016, {{ISBN\|9783958434066}}. p 7.</ref> ''Bayerische Motorenwerke'' translates into English as ''Bavarian Motor Works''.<ref>{{cite web\|title=BMW 1970s brochure for the United States\|url=https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/media/9cc857a2-7fa5-4080-ba54-fd5494794417/web\|website=www.bmw-grouparchiv.de\|access-date=10 February 2018\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021349/https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/media/9cc857a2-7fa5-4080-ba54-fd5494794417/web\|archive-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> The suffix AG, short for ''[[Aktiengesellschaft]]'', signifies an incorporated entity owned by shareholders, thus akin to "Inc." (US) or PLC, "Public Limited Company" (UK). The terms Beemer, Bimmer and Bee-em are sometimes used as [[slang]] for BMW in the English language<ref>{{cite book \|title=Bee em / BMW Motorcycle Club of Victoria Inc \|publisher=[[National Library of Australia]] \|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3913069 \|access-date=23 October 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728125152/http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3913069 \|archive-date=28 July 2011 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=No Toupees allowed \|date=2 October 2009 \|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/auto/autoreview/24915/no-toupees-allowed \|newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]] \|access-date=24 October 2009}}{{dead link\|date=September 2012}}</ref> and are sometimes used interchangeably for cars and motorcycles.<ref name=Lighter1>{{Cite book \|title=Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang: A-G \|first=Jonathan E. \|last=Lighter \|publisher=Random House \|year=1994 \|volume=1 \|isbn=978-0-394-54427-4 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/randomhousehisto01ligh/page/126 126–27] \|quote='''Beemer''' ''n.'' <nowiki>[BMW + ''er'']</nowiki> a BMW automobile. Also '''Beamer.''' \|url=https://archive.org/details/randomhousehisto01ligh/page/126 }}</ref><ref name=Lighter2>{{Cite book \|title=Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang: A-G \|first=Jonathan E. \|last=Lighter \|publisher=Random House \|year=1994 \|volume=1 \|isbn=978-0-394-54427-4 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/randomhousehisto01ligh/page/159 159] \|quote='''Bimmer''' ''n.'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Beemer.</span> \|url=https://archive.org/details/randomhousehisto01ligh/page/159 }}</ref><ref>'''1982''' S. Black ''Totally Awesome'' 83 BMW ("Beemer").<br />'''1985''' ''L.A. Times'' (13 April) V 4: Id much rather drive my Beemer than a truck.<br />'''1989''' L. Roberts ''Full Cleveland'' 39: Baby boomers... in... late-model Beemers.<br />'''1990''' ''Hull High'' (NBC-TV): You should ee my dad's new Beemer.<br /> '''1991''' ''Cathy'' (synd. cartoon strip) (21 April): Sheila... <nowiki>[ground]</nowiki> multi-grain snack chips crumbs into the back seat of my brand-new Beamer!<br />'''1992''' ''Time'' (18 May) 84: Its residents tend to drive pickups or subcompacts, not Beemers or Rolles.</ref> Line 160: \|} The key trends of the BMW Group are (as at the financial year ending December 31):<ref>{{Cite web \|title=BMW St Fundamentalanalyse {{!}} KGV {{!}} Kennzahlen \|url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/BMW-St-Aktie/DE0005190003 \|access-date=2023-11-29 \|website=boerse.de \|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2017-02-14 \|title=BMW Fundamentals (2007-2015) \|url=http://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/BMW-St-Aktie/DE0005190003 \|access-date=2024-08-02 ~~\|website=web.archive.org~~ \|archive-date=14 February 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214203631/http://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/BMW-St-Aktie/DE0005190003 \|url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-12-08 \|title=BMW Fundamentals (2013-2021) \|url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/BMW-St-Aktie/DE0005190003 \|access-date=2024-08-02 ~~\|website=web.archive.org~~ \|archive-date=8 December 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208225428/https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/BMW-St-Aktie/DE0005190003 \|url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Company Reports \|url=https://www.bmwgroup.com/en/investor-relations/company-reports.html \|access-date=2023-11-29 \|website=www.bmwgroup.com \|language=en}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: center;" !Year Line 319: The current model lines of BMW cars are: * [[BMW 1 Series\|1 Series]] five-door hatchbacks (model code [[BMW 1 Series (F70)\|F70]]). * [[BMW 2 Series\|2 Series]] two-door coupes (model code [[BMW 2 Series (G42)\|G42]]), "Active Tourer" five-seat MPVs ([[BMW 2 Series Active Tourer\|U06]]) and four-door "Gran Coupe" fastback sedans (model code [[BMW 2 Series Gran Coupé\|~~F44~~F74]]). * [[BMW 3 Series\|3 Series]] four-door sedans (model code [[BMW 3 Series (G20)\|G20]]), five-door station wagons ([[BMW 3 Series (G20)\|G21]]) and long wheelbase model exclusive to China ([[BMW G20\|G28]]). * [[BMW 4 Series\|4 Series]] two-door coupes (model code [[BMW 4 Series (G22)\|G22]]), two-door convertibles (model code [[BMW 4 Series (G22)\|G23]]) and five-door "Gran Coupe" fastbacks (model code [[BMW 4 Series (G22)\|G26]]). Line 348: File:BMW U11 1X7A6826.jpg\|X1 ([[BMW X1 (U11)\|U11]]) File:BMW U10 1X7A2456.jpg\|X2 ([[BMW X2\|U10]]) File:BMW G45 20 IMG 2276.jpg\|X3 ([[BMW X3 ~~(G45)~~\|G45]]) File:2018 BMW X4 xDrive20d M Sport Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg\|X4 ([[BMW X4 (G02)\|G02]]) File:2019 BMW X5 M50d Automatic 3.0.jpg\|X5 ([[BMW X5 (G05)\|G05]]) Line 391: The ''BMW M GmbH'' subsidiary (called BMW Motorsport GmbH until 1993) started making high-performance versions of various BMW models in 1978. {{As of\|~~March~~November ~~2023~~2024}}, the M lineup is:<ref name="BMW M lineup 2022">{{cite web \|url=https://www.bmwusa.com/vehicles/bmw-m/models.html#electrified-performance-m-models%20 \|title=BMW M models \|publisher=BMW USA \|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>{{failed verification\|date=July 2023}} * [[BMW M2\|M2]] two-door coupe * [[BMW M3\|M3]] four-door sedan and five-door station wagon * [[BMW M4\|M4]] two-door coupe/convertible * [[BMW M5\|M5]] four-door sedan and five-door station wagon * [[BMW M8\|M8]] two-door coupe/convertible and four-door sedan * [[BMW X3X4 (~~G01~~G02)\|X3X4 M]] compact coupe SUV<ref name="X3/X4 M Press">{{cite web \|title=The all-new BMW X3 M and the all-new BMW X4 M. \|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0291184EN/the-all-new-bmw-x3-m-and-the-all-new-bmw-x4-m?language=en \|website=www.press.bmwgroup.com \|access-date=14 February 2019 \|language=en \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174305/https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0291184EN/the-all-new-bmw-x3-m-and-the-all-new-bmw-x4-m?language=en \|archive-date=14 February 2019 \|url-status=live }}</ref> * [[BMW X4 (G02)\|X4 M]] compact coupe SUV<ref name="X3/X4 M Press" /> * [[BMW X5 (G05)\|X5 M]] mid-size SUV<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Next-Generation BMW X5 M Could Debut Early In 2020 \|url=https://carbuzz.com/news/the-next-generation-bmw-x5-m-could-debut-early-in-2020 \|website=www.carbuzz.com \|date=30 December 2017 \|access-date=29 July 2019 \|language=en-us}}</ref> * [[BMW X6 (G06)\|X6 M]] mid-size coupe SUV<ref>{{cite web \|title=2020 BMW X6 (G06) Spied In Spartanburg \|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/2020-bmw-x6-g06-spied-in-spartanburg-126617.html \|website=www.autoevolution.com \|access-date=29 July 2019 \|language=en \|date=25 June 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729103150/https://www.autoevolution.com/news/2020-bmw-x6-g06-spied-in-spartanburg-126617.html \|archive-date=29 July 2019 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Line 408 ⟶ 407: File:2021 BMW M3 Competition Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg\|[[BMW M3\|M3]] File:BMW M4 (G82) IMG 4183.jpg\|[[BMW M4\|M4]] File:~~2018~~2024 BMW M5 ~~Automatic~~G99 ~~4.4~~BS O24.jpg\|[[BMW M5\|M5]] File:BMW M8 Competition IMG 3364.jpg\|[[BMW M8\|M8]] ~~File:BMW X3 M (G01) IMG 4198.jpg\|[[BMW X3#G01\|X3 M]]~~ File:2019 BMW X4 M Competition Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg\|[[BMW X4 (G02)\|X4 M]] File:BMW X5 M (G05) IMG 3370.jpg\|[[BMW X5 (G05)\|X5 M]] Line 446 ⟶ 444: == Involvement in the arts == ~~=== Art Cars ===~~ {{main\|BMW Art Car}}▼ In 1975, sculptor [[Alexander Calder]] was commissioned to paint the BMW 3.0 CSL racing car driven by [[Hervé Poulain]] at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, which became the first in the series of BMW Art Cars. Since Calder's work of art, many other renowned artists throughout the world have created BMW Art Cars, including [[David Hockney]], [[Jenny Holzer]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[Robert Rauschenberg]], [[Frank Stella]], and [[Andy Warhol]].<ref name="Patton2009">{{Cite news \|last=Patton \|first=Phil \|date=12 March 2009 \|title=These Canvases Need Oil and a Good Driver \|periodical=[[The New York Times]] \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/automobiles/collectibles/15artcars.html \|page=AU1 \|url-status = live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329032117/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/automobiles/collectibles/15artcars.html \|archive-date=29 March 2017 }}</ref> To date, a total of 19 BMW Art Cars, based on both racing and regular production vehicles, have been created.▼ <gallery mode="packed" heights="120" style="text-align:left">▼ File:Calder CSL.jpg\|1975 [[BMW 3.0 CSL\|3.0 CSL]] Art Car by Alexander Calder▼ File:BMW M1.jpg\|1979 [[BMW M1\|M1]] Art Car by Andy Warhol▼ </gallery>▼ === Architecture === Line 467 ⟶ 457: </gallery> === ~~Film~~Art Cars === ▲{{main\|BMW Art Car}} In 2001 and 2002, BMW produced a series of eight short films called ''[[The Hire]]'', which had plots based around BMW models being driven to extremes by [[Clive Owen]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bmwfilms.com\|title=BMW Films \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625032109/http://bmwfilms.com/ \|archive-date=25 June 2007 }}</ref> The directors for The Hire included [[Guy Ritchie]], [[John Woo]], [[John Frankenheimer]] and [[Ang Lee]]. In 2016, a ninth film in the series was released. ▲In 1975, sculptor [[Alexander Calder]] was commissioned to paint the BMW 3.0 CSL racing car driven by [[Hervé Poulain]] at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, which became the first in the series of BMW Art Cars. Since Calder's work of art, many other renowned artists throughout the world have created BMW Art Cars, including [[David Hockney]], [[Jenny Holzer]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[Robert Rauschenberg]], [[Frank Stella]], and [[Andy Warhol]].<ref name="Patton2009">{{Cite news \|last=Patton \|first=Phil \|date=12 March 2009 \|title=These Canvases Need Oil and a Good Driver \|periodical=[[The New York Times]] \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/automobiles/collectibles/15artcars.html \|page=AU1 \|url-status = live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329032117/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/automobiles/collectibles/15artcars.html \|archive-date=29 March 2017 }}</ref> To date, a total of 19 BMW Art Cars, based on both racing and regular production vehicles, have been created. ▲<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" style="text-align:left"> The 2006 "BMW Performance Series" was a marketing event geared to attract black car buyers. It consisted of seven concerts by jazz musician Mike Phillips, and screenings of films by black filmmakers.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Performance of a Different Kind: BMW arts series aims at black consumers \|date=10 August 2006 \|website=www.autoweek.com \|url=https://autoweek.com/article/car-news/performance-different-kind-bmw-arts-series-aims-black-consumers \|access-date=30 June 2019 \|url-status=live \|archive-date=30 June 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630113621/https://autoweek.com/article/car-news/performance-different-kind-bmw-arts-series-aims-black-consumers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=BMW arts series aims at black consumers \|periodical=Automotive News \|volume=80 \|issue=6215 \|date=7 August 2006 \|page=37}}</ref> ▲File:Calder CSL.jpg\|1975 [[BMW 3.0 CSL\|3.0 CSL]] Art Car by Alexander Calder ▲File:BMW M1.jpg\|1979 [[BMW M1\|M1]] Art Car by Andy Warhol ▲</gallery> === Visual arts === Line 702 ⟶ 695: === Vehicle importers === ==== Canada ==== BMW's first dealership in Canada, located in [[Ottawa]], was opened in 1969.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Otto's Story\|url=http://www.bmwottos.ca/en/ottos_story.php\|website=www.bmwottos.ca\|access-date=28 October 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028093821/http://www.bmwottos.ca/en/ottos_story.php \|archive-date=28 October 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1986, BMW established a head office in Canada.<ref>{{cite web\|title=In photos: The evolution and history of BMW as it turns 100 \|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/in-photos-100-years-of-bmw/article29032892/\|access-date=28 October 2017 \|website=www.theglobeandmail.com \|date=7 March 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319230610/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/in-photos-100-years-of-bmw/article29032892/\|archive-date=19 March 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref> BMW sold 28,149 vehicles in Canada in 2008.<ref>{{cite web\|title=History of BMW Canada \|url=https://www.bmwlondon.ca/history-bmw-canada/\|website=www.bmwlondon.ca\|access-date=28 October 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028094453/https://www.bmwlondon.ca/history-bmw-canada/ \|archive-date=28 October 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Line 779 ⟶ 772: [[Category:1916 establishments in Germany]] [[Category:Aircraft engine manufacturers of Germany]] ~~[[Category:Belgian Royal Warrant holders]]~~ [[Category:Car brands]] [[Category:Car manufacturers of Germany]]