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{{Short description|Concert venue in Manhattan, New York}}
{{Hatnote group|{{distinguish|Carnegie Hill}}
{{other uses}}}}
{{Use
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Carnegie Hall
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Carnegie Hall in 2019
| address = 881 [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] (at [[57th Street (Manhattan)|57th Street]])
| city = [[Manhattan]], New York
| country = United States
| designation =
| architect = [[William Tuthill]]
| builder = [[Andrew Carnegie]]
| owner = [[Government of New York City
| tenant =
| operator = Carnegie Hall Corporation
| capacity = Stern Auditorium: 2,804<br />Zankel Hall: 599<br />Weill Recital Hall: 268
| type = [[List of concert halls|Concert hall]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|1891|04}}
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| production =
| currentuse =
| publictransit = '''[[New York City Subway|Subway]]:''' [[57th Street–Seventh Avenue
| website = [https://www.carnegiehall.org/ carnegiehall.org]
| embedded = {{Infobox NRHP
| name = Carnegie Hall
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| architect =
| architecture = [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]]
| designated_nrhp_type = December 29, 1962<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=387&ResourceType=Building|title=Carnegie Hall|date=September 9, 2007|
| added = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2007a|refnum=66000535}}</ref>
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
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}}
'''Carnegie Hall''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑːr|n|ᵻ|ɡ|i}} {{respell|KAR|nig|ee}})<ref>{{cite web|title=American English: ''Carnegie Hall''|url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/carnegie-hall|website=Macmillan Dictionary|access-date=August 27, 2020
Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats, divided among three auditoriums. The largest one is the Stern Auditorium, a five-story auditorium with 2,804 seats. Also part of the complex are the 599-seat Zankel Hall on Seventh Avenue, as well as the 268-seat Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall on 57th Street. Besides the auditoriums, Carnegie Hall contains offices on its top stories.
Carnegie Hall, originally the Music Hall, was constructed between 1889 and 1891 as a venue shared by the [[Oratorio Society of New York]] and the [[New York Symphony Society]]. The hall was owned by the Carnegie family until 1925, after which Robert E. Simon and then his son, [[Robert E. Simon
== Site ==
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Carnegie Hall shares the [[city block]] with the [[Carnegie Hall Tower]], [[Russian Tea Room]], and [[Metropolitan Tower (Manhattan)|Metropolitan Tower]] to the east. It is [[wikt:cater-corner|cater-corner]] from [[the Osborne]] apartment building. It also faces the [[Rodin Studios]] and [[888 Seventh Avenue]] to the west; [[Alwyn Court]], [[The Briarcliffe]], the [[165 West 57th Street|Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing]], and [[One57]] to the north; the [[Park Central Hotel]] to the southwest; and [[CitySpire]] and [[New York City Center]] to the southeast.<ref name="NYCityMap" /> Right outside the hall is an entrance to the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[57th Street–Seventh Avenue station]], served by the {{NYCS trains|Broadway}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018|title=MTA Neighborhood Maps: 57 St 7 Av (N)(Q)(R)(W)|url=https://new.mta.info/document/2001|access-date=September 13, 2018|website=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|mta.info]]|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224211132/https://new.mta.info/document/2001|url-status=live}}</ref>
Carnegie Hall is part of
== Architecture and venues
[[File:Carnegie Hall at night.jpg|thumb|Original building at night]]
Carnegie Hall was designed by [[William Tuthill]] along with [[Richard Morris Hunt]] and [[Adler & Sullivan]].<ref name="NY1880" /><ref name="nyt18890719" /> While the 34-year-old Tuthill was relatively unknown as an architect, he was an amateur cellist and a singer, which may have led to him getting the commission.<ref name="NY1880" /> [[Dankmar Adler]] of Adler & Sullivan, on the other hand, was an experienced designer of music halls and theaters; he served as the acoustical consultant.<ref name="NY1880" /><ref name="p573493968" /> Carnegie Hall was constructed with heavy masonry [[Load-bearing wall|bearing walls]], as lighter structural steel framework was not widely used when the building was completed.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 28, 2016|title=1891 Andrew Carnegie's new Music Hall opens – Carnegie Hall|url=http://www.carnegiehall.org/History/Timeline/Timeline.aspx?id=4294968416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528220247/http://www.carnegiehall.org/History/Timeline/Timeline.aspx?id=4294968416|archive-date=May 28, 2016|access-date=August 18, 2021|website=carnegiehall.org}}</ref> The building was designed in a modified [[Renaissance architecture|Italian Renaissance]] style.<ref name="NYCL-0278">{{cite web|date=May 10, 1966|title=Carnegie Hall|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0278.pdf|access-date=March 13, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727090801/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0278.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rer18901227">{{cite magazine|date=December 27, 1890|title=The Carnegie Music Hall|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vollist=1&vol=ldpd_7031148_006&page=ldpd_7031148_006_00001013|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=46|pages=867–868|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=1189|access-date=August 18, 2021|archive-date=August 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818212044/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vollist=1&vol=ldpd_7031148_006&page=ldpd_7031148_006_00001013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland|page=126}}</ref>
Carnegie Hall is composed of three structures arranged in an "L" shape; each structure contains one of the hall's performance spaces. The original building, which houses the Isaac Stern Auditorium, is an eight-story rectangular building at the corner of Seventh Avenue and 57th Street,<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> measuring {{Convert|150|ft}} along the street and {{Convert|175|ft}} along the avenue.<ref name="TL p. 145">{{harvnb|Tauranac|1985|ps=.|page=145}}</ref> The 16-story eastern wing contains the Weill Recital Hall and is located along 57th Street. The 13-story southern wing, at Seventh Avenue and 56th Street, contains Zankel Hall. Except at the eighth floor, all three structures have floor levels at different heights.<ref name="NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1962|ps=.|p=2}}</ref>
=== Facade ===
Carnegie Hall was designed from the outset with a facade of Roman brick.<ref name="NYCL-0278" /><ref name="p573484756" /> The facade was decorated with a large amount of Renaissance details. Most of the exterior walls are covered in reddish brown brick, though decorative elements such as [[band course]]s, [[pilaster]]s, and [[arch]]es are made of [[
The original section of the building is divided into three horizontal sections. The lowest section of the building comprises the first floor and the first-floor mezzanine, above which is a heavy [[cornice]] with [[modillion]]s. The main entrance of Carnegie Hall is placed in what was originally the center of the primary facade on 57th Street. It consists of an [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] with five large arches, originally separated by granite pilasters.<ref name="rer18901227" /><ref name="p94939305">{{cite news|date=May 6, 1891|title=It Stood the Test Well: the First Concert in the New Music Hall. Its Acoustic Properties Found to Be Adequate – a Russian Composer Warmly Greeted – Bishop Potter as a Lover of Music
On the third and fourth floors, above the main entrance, is a two-and-a-half story arcade on 57th Street with five round-headed arches. A balcony with a [[balustrade]] is carried on [[console bracket]]s in front of this arcade.<ref name="p94939305" /> Each arch has a horizontal terracotta [[Transom (architecture)|transom]] bar above the third floor; two third-floor windows separated by a Corinthian column; and two fourth-floor windows separated by a pilaster. A broad [[terracotta]] frieze runs above the fourth floor, at the springing of the arches.<ref name="rer18901227" /><ref name="p94939305" /> To either side of the arcade, there are two tall round-arched windows on the second floor; those on the east flank a blind arch.<ref name="p94939305" /> There are pairs of pilasters on the fourth-floor mezzanine, above which is a string course. The Seventh Avenue facade is similar in design, but instead of window openings, there are blind openings filled with brick.<ref name="rer18901227" /><ref name="p94939305" /> Additionally, the arcade at the center of the Seventh Avenue facade has four arches instead of five.<ref name="rer18901227" />
The sixth floor, at the center of the 57th Street facade, contains five square openings, each with a pair of round-arched windows. On either side of these five openings, there are round-arched windows, arranged as in a shallow [[loggia]].<ref name="rer18901227" /><ref name="p94939305" /> There are four arched windows on the eastern portion of the sixth floor, as well as two arches on the west portion, which flank a blind arch.<ref name="p94939305" /> A frieze and cornice run above this floor.<ref name="rer18901227" /> The seventh floor was originally a mansard roof.<ref name="nycland" /> As part of an 1890s alteration, the mansard was replaced with a vertical wall resembling a continuous arcade. The seventh floor is topped by balustrades with decorated columns. The flat roof was converted into a roof garden with kitchen and service rooms.<ref name="p573728011">{{cite news|date=December 28, 1892|title=For a Bigger Music Hall: Elaborate Plans of Reconstruction There Will Be High Tower and Other Changes Will Be Made|page=7|
=== Venues ===
====
The Stern Auditorium is six stories high with 2,804 seats on five levels.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 15, 1966|title=Carnegie Hall|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/5b82f3e2-d183-472f-88f1-e4c82ffca307|access-date=March 13, 2020|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727084027/https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/5b82f3e2-d183-472f-88f1-e4c82ffca307|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Page p. 18">{{harvnb|Page|2011|p=18|ps=.}}</ref> Originally known as the main auditorium, it was renamed after violinist [[Isaac Stern]] in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 23, 2013|title=The A to Z of Carnegie Hall: S is for Stern|url=http://www.carnegiehall.org/BlogPost.aspx?id=4294989134|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709115621/https://www.carnegiehall.org/BlogPost.aspx?id=4294989134|archive-date=July 9, 2017|access-date=November 14, 2014|publisher=Carnegie Hall}}</ref> The main auditorium was originally planned to fit 3,300 guests, including two tiers of boxes, two balconies, and a [[wikt:parquet|parquet]] seating 1,200.<ref name="nyt18890719" /><ref name="rer18890720">{{cite magazine|date=July 20, 1889|title=Men and Things|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vollist=1&vol=ldpd_7031148_004&page=ldpd_7031148_004_00000118|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=44|
Its entrance is through the Box Office Lobby on 57th Street near Seventh Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parking & Directions|url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/Visit/Directions-and-Parking|access-date=August 18, 2021|website=Carnegie Hall|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005021520/https://www.carnegiehall.org/Visit/Directions-and-Parking|url-status=live}}</ref> When planned in 1889, this entrance was designed with a marble and mosaic vestibule measuring {{Convert|25|ft}} high and {{Convert|70|ft}} long.<ref name="rer18890720" /><ref name="nyt18890719" /> The entrance lobby is three stories high and had an organ loft at the top, which was converted into a lounge area by the mid-20th century.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> The lobby ceiling was designed as a [[barrel vault]], containing [[soffit]]s with heavy [[coffer]]s and cross-arches, and was painted white with gold decorations. At either end of the barrel vault were lunettes. The walls were painted salmon and had pairs of gray-marble pilasters supporting an entablature. The cross-arches had decorated cream-colored [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympana]].<ref name="p94939305" /> The lobby was originally several feet above street level, but it was lowered to street level in the 1980s.<ref name="Oculus 1986-03">{{cite magazine|date=Mar 1986|title=Carnegie Hall's New Lobby|url=https://usmodernist.org/AIANY/AIANY-1986-03.pdf|journal=Oculus|volume=48|pages=3–11|number=7|access-date=August 20, 2021|archive-date=January 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130215841/https://usmodernist.org/AIANY/AIANY-1986-03.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shepard 1986">{{Cite news|last=Shepard|first=Joan|date=December 15, 1986|title=Encore for Carnegie Hall|
[[File:Carnegie-hall-isaac-stern.jpg|thumb|left|Isaac Stern Auditorium]]
All but the top level can be reached by elevator; the top balcony is 137 steps above parquet level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information: Accessibility|url=http://www.carnegiehall.org/Information/Accessibility/|access-date=November 14, 2014|publisher=Carnegie Hall|archive-date=September 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916154355/https://www.carnegiehall.org/Information/Accessibility/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Page p. 20">{{harvnb|Page|2011|p=20|ps=.}}</ref> The lowest level is the parquet level, which has twenty-five full rows of thirty-eight seats and four partial rows at stage level, for a total of 1,021 seats.<ref name="rentals" /> The parquet was designed with eleven exits to a corridor that entirely surrounded it; the corridor, in turn, led to the main entrance vestibule on 57th Street.<ref name="p573484756">{{cite news|date=September 10, 1889|title=The New Music Hall Plans: a Fine Building to Be Erected It Will Be Ready for the World's Fair—architectural Features and Interior Arrangements|page=7|
The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is {{Convert|42|ft}} deep.<ref name="rentals" /> It was originally designed with six tiers that could be raised and lowered hydraulically.<ref name="rer18890720" /> The walls around the stage contain pilasters. The ceiling above the stage was designed as an ellipse, and the soffits of the ceiling were originally outfitted with lights.<ref name="p94939305" /> Originally, there were no stage wings; the backstage entrance from 56th Street led directly to a small landing just below the stage, while the dressing room was above the stage. During a 1980s renovation, a stage wing, orchestra room, and dressing rooms were added and the access to the stage was reconfigured.<ref name="nyt19860831" />
==== Zankel Hall ====
Zankel Hall, on the Seventh Avenue side of the building, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel, who funded a renovation of the venue.<ref name="nyt20000130">{{cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|author-link=David W. Dunlap|date=January 30, 2000|title=Carnegie Hall Grows the Only Way It Can; Burrowing Into Bedrock, Crews Carve Out a New Auditorium|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/30/nyregion/carnegie-hall-grows-only-way-it-can-burrowing-into-bedrock-crews-carve-new.html|access-date=November 14, 2014
The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall opened in September 2003.<ref name=Muschamp>{{cite news|last=Muschamp|first=Herbert|author-link=Herbert Muschamp|title=Architecture Review; Zankel Hall, Carnegie's Buried Treasure|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 12, 2003|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/12/movies/architecture-review-zankel-hall-carnegie-s-buried-treasure.html|access-date=November 14, 2014
Due to the limited space available on the land lot, the construction of Zankel Hall required excavating {{Convert|8,000|ft3}} of additional basement space, at some points only {{Convert|10|ft}} under the Stern Auditorium's parquet level.<ref name="nyt20000130" /> The excavations descended up to {{Convert|22|ft}} below the original space's floor and came as close as {{Convert|9|ft}} to the adjacent subway tunnel.<ref name="UPI 2003" /> This also required the removal of twelve cast-iron columns holding up the Main Hall. In its place, a temporary framework of steel pipe columns, supporting [[I-beam]] girders and thick [[Neoprene]] insulation pads, was installed.<ref name="nyt20000130" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 733">{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|p=733}}</ref> [[JaffeHolden Acoustics]] installed the soundproofing, which filters out noise from both the street and the subway.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pogrebin|first=Robin|author-link=Robin Pogrebin|date=April 3, 2003|title=A New Underground at Carnegie, in More Ways Than One|
==== Weill Recital Hall ====
The Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall is named after [[Sanford I. Weill]], a former chairman of Carnegie Hall's board, as well as his wife Joan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weill Recital Hall|url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/About/Building-Overview/Weill-Recital-Hall|access-date=August 18, 2021|website=Carnegie Hall|archive-date=July 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709103819/https://www.carnegiehall.org/Information/Weill-Recital-Hall/|url-status=live}}</ref> This auditorium, in use since the hall opened in 1891, was originally called Chamber Music Hall<ref name="nyt19870106">{{Cite news|last=Rockwell|first=John|author-link=John Rockwell|date=January 6, 1987|title=Weill Recital Hall Opens at Carnegie|
The recital hall is served by its own lobby, which contains a pale color palette with red geometric metalwork. Prior to a 1980s renovation, it shared a lobby with the main auditorium.<ref name="p424782471">{{cite news|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=September 8, 1983|title=Architecture: Carnegie Hall Restoration, Phase 1|page=C16|
=== Other facilities ===
A boiler room was placed under the sidewalk on Seventh Avenue.<ref name="p573484756" /> A small electric generation plant for 5,300 lamps was also planned.<ref name="nyt18890719" /> At the ground level of the main hall
Above the Chamber Music Hall was a large chapter-room, a meeting room, a gymnasium, and twelve short-term "lodge rooms" in the roof.<ref name="p573484756" /> The 56th Street side of Carnegie Hall was designed with rooms for the choruses, soloists, and conductors, as well as offices and lodge rooms. On the roof of the 56th Street section were janitors' apartments. Three elevators, two on the 57th Street side and one on the 56th Street side, originally served the building.<ref name="p573484756" /> The addition at the corner of 56th Street and Seventh Avenue was arranged with offices, studios, and private music rooms.<ref name="p573728011" /><ref name="nyt18921228" />
The eighth floor of the main hall, which contained studios, was installed after the complex was completed.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> There were a total of 133<ref name="nyt-1981-01-18">{{Cite news |last=Phelps |first=Timothy M. |date=January 18, 1981 |title=Carnegie Hall and Tenants Wrangle Over Rent Rises
The building also contains the Carnegie Hall Archives, established in 1986, and the [[Rose Museum]], which opened in 1991. The Rose Museum is east of the first balcony of the Stern Auditorium and has dark [[makore]] and light [[anigre]] paneling with brass edges, as well as columns with brass [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]], supporting a [[
== History ==
The idea for what is now Carnegie Hall came from [[Leopold Damrosch]], the conductor of [[Oratorio Society of New York]] and the [[New York Symphony Society]].<ref name="NY1880">{{cite NY1880|page=691}}</ref><ref name="Page pp. 17-18">{{harvnb|Page|2011|pp=17–18|ps=.}}</ref> The Oratorio Society had been looking for a permanent performance venue ever since it was founded in 1873.<ref name="TL pp. 144–145">{{harvnb|Tauranac|1985|ps=.|pages=144–145}}</ref> Though Leopold died in 1885,<ref name="Page pp. 17-18" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 16, 1885|title=Death of Dr. Damrosch.; Fatal Result of a Brief Illness|
=== Development and opening ===
[[File:Andrew Carnegie, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing slightly left, 1913.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Andrew Carnegie, 1913]]
In early March 1889, Morris Reno, director of the Oratorio and New York Symphony societies acquired nine lots on and around the southeast corner of Seventh Avenue and 57th Street.<ref name="nyt18890315">{{Cite news|date=March 15, 1889|title=A New Music Hall
By July 1889, Carnegie's company had acquired additional land, with frontage of {{Convert|175|ft}} on 57th Street. The architectural drawings were nearly completed and excavations for the music hall had been completed.<ref name="nyt18890719">{{Cite news|date=July 19, 1889|title=Carnegie Music Hall
The Recital Hall opened in March 1891 for recitals of the New York Oratorio Society.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 13, 1891|title=A New Concert Room|
=== Late 19th to mid-20th century ===
==== 1890s to 1910s ====
[[File:Carnegie Hall in 1895.jpg|thumb|Carnegie Hall in 1895]]
[[File:Carnegie Hall in 1895.jpg|thumb|Carnegie Hall in 1895]]In May 1892, the stockholders of the Music Hall Company of New York discussed expanding the Music Hall into the site of a brewery at Seventh Avenue and 56th Street, which they had purchased about three months previously. The Music Hall Company also discussed enlarging the main auditorium's stage so it could accommodate operas.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 12, 1892|title=Changes at the Music Hall: Plans Which May Change the Place Into an Opera House|page=7|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|573781812}}}}</ref> By that September, the Music Hall's stockholders planned to enlarge the hall to accommodate operatic performances, following a fire that severely damaged the Metropolitan Opera House.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 5, 1892|title=A Home for Grand Opera.; Plans for Transforming Music Hall Into an Opera House.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1892/09/05/archives/a-home-for-grand-opera-plans-for-transforming-music-hall-into-an.html|access-date=August 20, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820013952/https://www.nytimes.com/1892/09/05/archives/a-home-for-grand-opera-plans-for-transforming-music-hall-into-an.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="n110352614">{{Cite news |date=September 6, 1892 |title=Grand Opera Need Not Be Given Up |pages=7 |work=The Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110352614/grand-opera-need-not-be-given-up/ |access-date=September 28, 2022}}</ref> At the time, Morris Reno said the stage could not be modified until at least early 1893.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 19, 1892|title=No Grand Opera This Season.; the Carnegie Music Hall Stage Cannot Be Rebuilt for It.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1892/09/19/archives/no-grand-opera-this-season-the-carnegie-music-hall-stage-cannot-be.html|access-date=August 20, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820013953/https://www.nytimes.com/1892/09/19/archives/no-grand-opera-this-season-the-carnegie-music-hall-stage-cannot-be.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Music Hall Company filed plans for alterations in December 1892. The plans called a tower of about {{Convert|240|ft}} at the corner of Seventh Avenue and 56th Street. In addition, the original building's mansard roof would become a flat roof, and the seventh story would be converted into a full story.<ref name="p573728011" /><ref name="nyt18921228" />▼
Almost from the outset, [[Ticket resale|scalpers]] resold tickets to the Music Hall's shows at greatly inflated prices, and ushers began selling off tickets to unoccupied seats at the start of each concert. For an inflated fee, the ushers allowed latecomers to sit down during the middle of a show, to the consternation of existing ticket holders.<ref name="TL p. 145" /> In May 1892, the stockholders of the Music Hall Company of New York discussed expanding the Music Hall into the site of a brewery at Seventh Avenue and 56th Street, which they had purchased about three months previously. The Music Hall Company also discussed enlarging the main auditorium's stage so it could accommodate operas.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 12, 1892|title=Changes at the Music Hall: Plans Which May Change the Place Into an Opera House|page=7|newspaper=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|573781812}}}}</ref>
▲
The Philharmonic Society moved into the Music Hall in November 1892, drawing further crowds.<ref name="Page p. 19" /> The studios atop the building were constructed shortly afterward, from 1894 to 1896.<ref name="Page p. 19" /> The American Academy of Dramatic Arts moved into the basement recital hall in 1896, leasing the basement recital hall for the next fifty-four years.<ref name="nyt19980103" /> Also during the mid-1890s, the Music Hall was renamed Carnegie Hall for its main benefactor.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /><ref name="Page p. 17" /> According to Carnegie Hall archivist [[Gino Francesconi]], the renaming occurred "so that it shouldn't be confused by European artists with a vulgar music hall".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shepard|first=Richard F.|date=May 12, 1988|title=Carnegie Hall Marks a Milestone for a Cornerstone|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/12/arts/carnegie-hall-marks-a-milestone-for-a-cornerstone.html|access-date=August 18, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818224625/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/12/arts/carnegie-hall-marks-a-milestone-for-a-cornerstone.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the early 20th century, Carnegie Hall accommodated many recitals and concerts because of its acoustic qualities.<ref name="Page pp. 19-20">{{harvnb|Page|2011|pp=19–20|ps=.}}</ref>▼
▲
==== 1920s to 1940s ====
[[File:Carnegiehall 1910.jpg|thumb|Carnegie Hall in 1910]]
Under Simon's ownership, a new organ was installed in Carnegie Hall<ref name="p1111977225">{{cite news|date=June 2, 1929|title=A New Organ To Be Installed In Carnegie Hall: Preliminary Work for Placing the Instrument Will Be Started Tomorrow|page=F9|
The main hall was modified around 1946 during filming for the movie [[Carnegie Hall (film)|''Carnegie Hall'']].<ref name="Page p. 20" /><ref name="Walsh 1987" /> A hole was made in the stage's ceiling to allow the installation of ventilation and lights for the film. Canvas panels and curtains were placed over the hole, but the acoustics in the front rows became noticeably different.<ref name="Walsh 1987">{{cite magazine|last=Walsh|first=Michael|date=February 16, 1987|title=Sounds in the night|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963548-1,00.html|url-status=dead|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|volume=129|issue=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122117/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963548-1,00.html|archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> In 1947, Robert E. Simon Jr. renovated the hall to designs by [[Kahn and Jacobs]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stratigakos|first1=Despina|title=Elsa Mandelstamm Gidoni|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/elsa-mandelstamm-gidoni|access-date=September 25, 2020|website=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|publisher=Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation|archive-date=August 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830104728/https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/elsa-mandelstamm-gidoni/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Carnegie Hall History Timeline|url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/About/History/Timeline|website=CarnegieHall.org|publisher=The Carnegie Hall Corporation|access-date=September 25, 2020|archive-date=October 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004234550/https://www.carnegiehall.org/About/History/Timeline|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Preservation ===
By the 1950s, changes in the music business prompted Simon to sell the hall. In April 1955, Simon negotiated with the [[New York Philharmonic]], which booked a majority of the hall's concerts each year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taubman|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Taubman|date=April 28, 1955|title=Orchestra to Bid on Carnegie Hall; Philharmonic May Lose Old Home Unless It Buys|
Simon sold the entire stock of Carnegie Hall, Inc., the venue's legal owner, to a commercial developer, the Glickman Corporation, in July 1956 for $5 million.<ref name="NY1960" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fowler|first=Glenn|date=July 25, 1956|title=Music Landmark Brings 5 Million; Buyer of Carnegie Hall Offers to Resell to Orchestra but May Tear It Down Society Hopes to Move|
Meanwhile, soon after the sale, Simon started planning how to preserve the hall, and approached some of its resident artists-in-residence for help. Violinist [[Isaac Stern]] enlisted his friends Jacob M. and Alice Kaplan, as well as J. M. Kaplan Fund administrator Raymond S. Rubinow, for assistance in saving the hall.<ref name="NY1960" /> In 1959, two hundred residents of Carnegie Hall's studios were asked if they wanted to buy the building.<ref>{{cite news|last=Molleson|first=John|date=June 17, 1959|title=Bids Residents Buy Carnegie Hall: Studio Tenant Urges 200 to Gel Together to Avert Demolition|page=12|
The city leased the hall to the Carnegie Hall Corporation, a nonprofit organization formed to run the venue.<ref name="NY1960" /> For 15 years, the Carnegie Hall Corporation paid the New York City government $183,600 in cash, Afterward, the corporation started paying the city through benefit concerts and outreach programs.<ref name="nyt19820221" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 731" />
=== Deterioration and renovation ===
==== 1960s and 1970s ====
A minor renovation of Carnegie Hall's interior, as well as a steam-cleaning of the facade, took place in mid-1960.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hughes |first=Allen|author-link=Allen Hughes|date=July 22, 1960 |title=Carnegie Hall Getting New Paint
Carnegie Hall became a more popular destination in the 1960s and 1970s, in part because of complaints over acoustics in the new Philharmonic Hall.<ref name="nyt19820221" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 731">{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|p=731}}</ref> The deficiencies with Carnegie Hall's facilities became more prominent after the latter's renovation.<ref name="nyt19820221" /> Carnegie Hall began to deteriorate due to neglect, and the corporation faced fiscal deficits. By the mid-1970s, the venue suffered from burst pipes and falling sections of the ceiling, and there were large holes in the balconies that patrons could put their feet through. At the same time, operating costs had increased from $3.5 million in 1977 to $10.3 million in 1984, and the deficits had also risen accordingly.<ref name="p135117567">{{cite news|last=Cox|first=Meg|date=May 17, 1985|title=Fabled Carnegie Hall, Often Close to Death, Will Receive Surgery: But the Challenge to Restorers Of New York Auditorium Is to Avoid Harming It Fabled Carnegie Hall in New York Will Soon Receive Major Surgery|page=1|
In 1977, the Carnegie Hall Corporation decided to stop allowing new residents for its upper-story studios; existing residents were allowed to continue living there.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schumach |first=Murray |date=November 14, 1977 |title=Carnegie Hall to End Its Live-In Studios for Artists
==== 1980s ====
The first renovations started in February 1982 with the restoration and reconstruction of the recital hall and studio entrance.<ref name="nyt19820221">{{Cite news|last=Rockwell|first=John|author-link=John Rockwell|date=February 21, 1982|title=Carnegie Hall Begins $20 Million Renovation|
[[File:Carnegie Hall Tower.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Carnegie Hall Tower]] next to Carnegie Hall]]
As part of the third phase of renovations, a recording studio called the Alice and Jacob M. Kaplan Space was built within the old chapter room on the fifth floor, directly above the main hall.<ref name="n110354481" /><ref name="n110355099" /> The Kaplan Space opened in March 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 1985 |title=Carnegie Hall Opens Studio for Rehearsal and Recording
The Landmarks Preservation Commission approved the proposed renovation in July 1985.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 732" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 25, 1985|title=Landmarks Panel Backs Carnegie Hall Project|
The main hall (including the Stern Auditorium) was reopened on December 15, 1986, with a gala featuring [[Zubin Mehta]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Vladimir Horowitz]], and the New York Philharmonic.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rockwell|first=John|author-link=John Rockwell|date=December 16, 1986|title=Rejuvenated Carnegie Is Again Premier Hall|
==== 1990s and early 2000s ====
During the late 1980s, Carnegie Hall had begun collecting items for the opening of a museum in the under-construction Carnegie Hall Tower.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shepard|first=Richard F.|date=May 12, 1988|title=Carnegie Hall Marks a Milestone for a Cornerstone|
The stage of the main hall had begun to warp by the early 1990s, and officials disassembled the stage in 1995, where they discovered a slab of concrete.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 732" /><ref name="nyt19950914" /> [[John L. Tishman]], president of [[Tishman Realty & Construction]], which had renovated the stage in 1986, alleged that the concrete was there before the renovation.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 732" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kozinn|first=Allan|author-link=Allan Kozinn|date=September 20, 1995|title=Case of the Carnegie Concrete, Chapter II|
In the basement, the Carnegie Hall Cinema operated separately from the rest of Carnegie Hall until 1997, when the hall's management closed the cinema, along with two shops on Seventh Avenue. In late 1998, Carnegie Hall announced that it would turn the basement recital hall into another performance venue, designed by Polshek Associates. The project was to cost $50 million; the high cost was attributed to the fact that the work would require excavations under the basement while concerts and other events were ongoing.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Blumenthal|first=Ralph|author-link=Ralph Blumenthal|date=December 14, 1998|title=Carnegie Hall Expanding, Using Underground Space|
=== 2000s to present ===
In June 2003, tentative plans were made for the Philharmonic to return to Carnegie Hall beginning in 2006, and for the orchestra to merge its business operations with those of the venue. However, the two groups abandoned these plans later that year.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=N.Y. Philharmonic, Carnegie Merger Off |url=
At the end of 2005, Carnegie Hall formed a partnership with the neighboring City Center.<ref name="n120243767">{{Cite news |last=Dobnik |first=Verena |date=December 3, 2005 |title=Carnegie Hall, City Center forge artistic partnership |
Carnegie Hall closed temporarily in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hernández |first=Javier C. |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Bruised by the Pandemic, Carnegie Hall Plans a Comeback
== Events and performances ==
{{
=== Orchestral performances ===
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The hall also hosted recitals by solo performers such as pianists [[Arthur Rubinstein]] and [[Mieczysław Horszowski]], who both debuted at Carnegie Hall in 1906 and continued performing there until 1976 and 1989, respectively.<ref name="Page p. 20" />
The [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]], conducted by [[Arturo Toscanini]], frequently recorded in the Main Hall for [[RCA Victor]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gold|first=Gerald|date=1990-03-21|title=All of Toscanini's Recordings to be Issued|
=== Other concerts and recitals ===
Carnegie Hall was desegregated from its opening, in contrast to other music venues like the [[National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|National Theatre]], which remained segregated well into the 20th century.<ref name="Page p. 21">{{harvnb|Page|2011|p=21|ps=.}}</ref> [[Sissieretta Jones]] became the first African-American to sing at Carnegie Hall on June 15, 1892, less than a year after the hall opened.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Maureen D. |title=Sissierettta Jones, "The Greatest Singer of Her Race," 1868–1933 |date=May 2012 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hudson |first=Rob |date=September 3, 2007 |title=From Opera, Minstrelsy and Ragtime to Social Justice: An Overview of African American Performers at Carnegie Hall, 1892–1943 |url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=perspectives/opera-minstrelsy-and-ragtime-social-justice-overview-african-american-performers-carneg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916133528/http://www.blackpast.org/?q=perspectives%2Fopera-minstrelsy-and-ragtime-social-justice-overview-african-american-performers-carneg |archive-date=September 16, 2013 |access-date=November 14, 2014 |publisher=The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed}}</ref>
The hall was used for popular music as early as 1912, when [[James Reese Europe]]'s Clef Club Orchestra performed a "proto-jazz" concert there.<ref name="Page p. 20" /> Many jazz performers have also given performances at Carnegie Hall,<ref name="Francesconi 2004 y296">{{cite
Rock and roll music first came to Carnegie Hall when [[Bill Haley & His Comets]] appeared in a variety benefit concert on May 6, 1955.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/05/07/85693342.pdf|title=Stars assist the blind|
European folk dance music first came to Carnegie Hall when [[Tanec]] performed a concert on January 27, 1956, becoming the first dance company from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] to perform in America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/28/archives/ballet-yugoslav-folk-art-tanec-dancers-appear-at-carnegie-hall-in.html|date=January 28, 1956|title=Ballet: Yugoslav Folk Art 'Tanec' Dancers Appear at Carnegie Hall in Display of Tremendous Skill|
=== Other events ===
The hall has also been the site of lectures, including the [[Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture]] by [[Booker T. Washington]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 23, 1906 |title=Choate and Twain Plead for Tuskegee; Brilliant Audience Cheers Them and Booker Washington
== Management and operations ==
{{As of|2021}}, the Executive and Artistic Director of Carnegie Hall is Sir [[Clive Gillinson]], formerly managing director of the [[London Symphony Orchestra]].<ref name="ABC News 2021">{{cite web |title=Carnegie Hall reopens in October after 19-month closure |website=ABC News |date=June 8, 2021 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/carnegie-hall-reopens-october-19-month-closure-78152439 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819000419/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/carnegie-hall-reopens-october-19-month-closure-78152439 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gillinson started serving in that position in 2005.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Carnegie Hall Names Executive/Artistic Director |magazine=Billboard |date=June 1, 2005 |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1431593/carnegie-hall-names-executiveartistic-director |access-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819011735/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1431593/carnegie-hall-names-executiveartistic-director |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Clive Gillinson Biography |website=Carnegie Hall |url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/About/Press/Clive-Gillinson-Biography |access-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819000419/https://www.carnegiehall.org/About/Press/Clive-Gillinson-Biography |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Robert F. Smith (investor)|Robert F. Smith]] has been the chairman of Carnegie Hall's board since 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Michael |last2=Gelles |first2=David |date=June 2, 2016 |title=At Carnegie Hall, a New Leader With a Son Named Hendrix
== Carnegie Hall Archives ==
It emerged in 1986 that Carnegie Hall had never consistently maintained an archive. Without a central repository, a significant portion of Carnegie Hall's documented history had been dispersed. In preparation for the celebration of Carnegie Hall's centennial in 1991, the management established the Carnegie Hall Archives that year.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|title=Opening Carnegie Hall: The Creation and First Performances of America's Premier Concert Stage|last=Binkowski|first=C. J.|publisher=McFarland
== Folklore ==
===
<!-- [[How do you get to Carnegie Hall?]] redirects here-->
<blockquote>Rumor is that a pedestrian on Fifty-seventh Street, Manhattan, stopped Jascha Heifetz and inquired, "Could you tell me how to get to Carnegie Hall?" "Yes," said Heifetz. "Practice!"<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Bennett Cerf|last=Cerf|first=Bennett|title=The Life of the Party: A New Collection of Stories and Anecdotes|location=Garden City, New York|publisher=Doubleday|year=1956|page=335}}</ref></blockquote>
This joke has become part of the folklore of the hall, but its origins remain a mystery.<ref name="Carlson2020">{{cite web|last1=Carlson|first1=Matt|title=The Joke|url=https://www.carnegiehall.org/Explore/Articles/2020/04/10/The-Joke|website=Carnegie Hall|access-date=August 27, 2020
=== Other lore ===
Other stories have been attributed to the folklore of Carnegie Hall.<ref name=wp19910210 /><ref name=nyt19871228 /> One such story concerns a performance on the unusually hot day of October 27, 1917,<ref name=wp19910210 /> when Heifetz made his American debut in Carnegie Hall.<ref>{{cite book|author=Agus|first=Ayke|title=Heifetz As I Knew Him|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-57467-062-2|page=4}}</ref> After Heifetz had been playing for a while, fellow violinist Mischa Elman mopped his head and asked if it was hot in there. Pianist [[Leopold Godowsky]], in the next seat, replied, "Not for pianists."<ref name=wp19910210 /><ref name=nyt19871228>{{Cite news|last=Schonberg|first=Harold C.|author-link=Harold C. Schonberg|date=December 28, 1987|title=Critic's Notebook; Repertory of Legends Immortalizes Jascha Heifetz|
While the Elman/Godowsky anecdote was confirmed to be true, other accounts about Carnegie Hall may have been [[
== See also ==
{{portal|Architecture|Music|New York City|National Register of Historic Places}}▼
* [[Alliance for the Arts]], advocacy organization for Carnegie Hall
* [[List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City]]
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* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]
== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
=== Sources ===
* {{cite
* {{cite book |last=Page |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTYeM63rL3IC |title=Carnegie Hall Treasures |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-06-170367-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Schickel|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMktAAAAMAAJ|title=The World of Carnegie Hall|publisher=Messner|year=1960|isbn=9780837169460 }}▼
* {{cite book |last1=Schickel |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJCfAAAAMAAJ |title=Carnegie Hall, the First One Hundred Years |last2=Walsh |first2=Michael |publisher=Abrams |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8109-0773-7}}▼
* {{Cite New York 2000}}
* {{Sfn whitelist|CITEREFTauranac1985}}{{Cite Elegant New York}}
== Further reading ==
==External links==▼
▲* {{cite book|last=Schickel|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMktAAAAMAAJ|title=The World of Carnegie Hall|publisher=Messner|year=1960|isbn=
▲* {{cite book |last1=Schickel |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJCfAAAAMAAJ |title=Carnegie Hall, the First One Hundred Years |last2=Walsh |first2=Michael |publisher=Abrams |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8109-0773-7|ref=none}}
▲== External links ==
{{Commons category|Carnegie Hall}}
* {{Official website|
* [https://
* [http://www.nyc-arts.org/organizations/36/carnegie-hall Carnegie Hall and its events on NYC-ARTS.org]
* [http://honorsperformance.org/ Honors Performance Series], Carnegie Hall performance opportunity for elite student musicians
{{New York City performance spaces}}
{{Midtown North, Manhattan}}
{{New York City Historic Sites}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in New York}}
▲{{portal bar|Architecture|Music|New York City|National Register of Historic Places}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York State Register of Historic Places in New York County]]▼
[[Category:Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)]]
[[Category:Theatres in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan]]
▲[[Category:New York State Register of Historic Places in New York County]]
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