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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|55|0}} <br />[[Early Eocene]] to Present<ref name=Sepkoski2002>Sepkoski, J.J.Jr (2002): [http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |date=23 July 2011 }} ''Bulletins of American Paleontology, 363: 1–560.''</ref>
| image = Acanthurus
| image_caption = ''[[Acanthurus
| image2 = Acanthurus
| image2_caption = ''[[Acanthurus
| taxon = Acanthurus
| authority = [[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775
| type_species = ''[[Paracanthurus|Teuthis hepatus]]'' or ''[[Sohal surgeonfish|Chaetodon sohal]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name = CofF/> or Forsskål, 1775<ref name = Demirjian/>
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=<small>List</small>
| ''Acronurus''<br>{{small|[[Laurens Theodorus Gronovius|Gronow]] in [[John Edward Gray|Gray]] 1854}}
| ''Aspisurus'' <br>{{small|[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1802}}
| ''Ctenodon'' <br>{{small|[[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1839}}
| ''Harpurina'' <br>{{small|[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]] & [[Barton Appler Bean|Bean]], 1929}}
| ''Harpurus'' <br>{{small|[[Johann Reinhold Forster]], 1788}}
| ''Rhomboteuthis'' <br>{{small|Fowler, 1944}}
| ''Rhombotides'' <br>{{small|[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1863}}
| ''Theutis'' <br>{{small|[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1788}}
| ''Theutys'' <br>{{small|[[Antoine Gouan|Goüan]], 1770}}
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF/>
}}
'''''Acanthurus''''' is a [[genus]] of marine [[ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Acanthuridae]], which includes the
==Taxonomy==
''Acanthurus'' was first proposed as a [[subgenus]] of ''[[Chaetodon]]'' in 1775 by the [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish-speaking Finnish]] [[exploration|explorer]], [[oriental studies|orientalist]] and [[natural history|naturalist]] [[Peter Forsskål]], although he recognised that it was probably different from ''Chaetodon'' even at the family level. In 1856 [[Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest|Desmarest]] designated ''Teuthis hepatus'', which had been [[Species description|described]] from a [[Type (biology)|type]] now known to have been collected at Ambon Island in the Moluccas (other erroneous type localities were named) in 1758 by Linnaeus, as the [[type species]] of the genus.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Acanthuridae|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus|genus=Acanthurus|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> ''T. hepatus'' is a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''[[Paracanthurus hepatus]]'' and this would make ''Paracanthurus'' synonymous with ''Acanthurus''. An alternative would be to use the name ''Harpurus'' proposed as a [[monospecific genus]] in 1788 by [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] when he described ''Harpurus fasciatus'', a synonym of ''Acanthurus triostegus''. It has been proposed that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should be petitioned to stabilise the genera ''Acanthurus'' and ''Paracanthurus''.<ref name = Fricke>{{cite journal |author=[[Ronald Fricke]] |year=2008 |title=Authorship, availability and validity of fish names described by Peter (Pehr) Simon Forsskål and Johann Christian Fabricius in the 'Descriptiones animalium' by Carsten Niebuhr in 1775 (Pisces) |journal=Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie. |volume=1 |pages=1–76 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235686196_Authorship_availability_and_validity_of_fish_names_described_by_Peter_Pehr_Simon_Forsskal_and_Johann_Christian_Fabricius_in_the_'Descriptiones_animalium'_by_Carsten_Niebuhr_in_1775_Pisces}}</ref> In 2014 it was proposed that the type species of ''Acanthurus'' should be ''[[Sohal surgeonfish|Chaetodon sohal]]'', which had also been described by Forsskål in 1775 as a member of the subgenus alongside ''[[Acanthopagrus bifasciatus|C. bifasciatus]]'', ''[[Acanthurus nigrofuscus|C. nigrofuscus]]'' and ''[[Bluespine unicornfish|C. unicornis]]'', and had been designated as the type species by [[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] and [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]] in 1917.<ref name = Demirjian>{{cite journal| author=Vahe D. Demirjian | year=2014 |title=''Acanthurus'' Forsskål, 1775 (Osteichthyes, ACANTHURIDAE): proposed conservation by designation of ''Chaetodon sohal'' Forsskål, 1775 as the type species |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=81–83 |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/bzn/article/view/38106/32702}}</ref>
It has been proposed that the genus ''[[Ctenochaetus]]'' should be merged with ''Acanthurus'' as otherwise ''Acanthurus'' is [[paraphyletic]].<ref name = Sorenson>{{cite journal |author1=Laurie Sorenson |author2=Francesco Santini |author3=Giorgio Carnevale |author4=Michael E. Alfaro |title=A multi-locus timetree of surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae, Percomorpha), with revised family taxonomy |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=68 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=150–160 |issn=1055-7903 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.014}}</ref> The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' recognises these two genera as valid and classifies them as the two genera in the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Acanthurini]] of the [[subfamily]] [[Acanthurinae]] within the family Acanthuridae.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=497–502 |publisher=Wiley |ISBN=978-1-118-34233-6}}</ref>
=== Etymology ===
▲'''''Acanthurus''''' is a [[genus]] of marine [[ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Acanthuridae]], which includes the surgeionfishes, unicornfishes and tangs, found in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]. They are found in [[tropics|tropical oceans]], especially near [[coral reef]]s, with most [[species]] in the [[Indo-Pacific]] but a few are found in the Atlantic Ocean. As other members of the family, they have a pair of [[Spine (zoology)|spines]], one on either side of the base of the [[Caudal fin|tail]] which are dangerously sharp.
''Acanthurus'' is a combination of ''acanthus'' meaning "spine" and ''urus'' meaning "tail", a reference to the scalpel like bony plates on the caudal peduncle, these also give rise to the vernacular English names surgeonfish and doctorfish.<ref name="ETYFish">{{cite web |name-list-style=amp |date=12 January 2021 |editor2=Kenneth J. Lazara |title=Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 2): Families EPHIPPIDAE, LEIOGNATHIDAE, SCATOPHAGIDAE, ANTIGONIIDAE, SIGANIDAE, CAPROIDAE, LUVARIDAE, ZANCLIDAE and ACANTHURIDAE |url=https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes2/ |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara |editor1=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>
==Species==
There are currently 41 recognized species in this genus:<ref name="Fishbase">{{FishBase genus|genus=Acanthurus|month=June|year=2023}}</ref>
[[File:Japanese Surgeonfish (Acanthurus japonicus) (8481921389).jpg|thumb|''[[Acanthurus japonicus|A. japonicus]]'']]
[[File:Acanthurus polyzona Réunion.JPG|thumb|''[[Acanthurus polyzona|A. polyzona]]'']]
[[File:Acanthurus lineatus Reunion.jpg|thumb|''[[Acanthurus lineatus|A. lineatus]]'']]
* ''[[Acanthurus achilles]]'' <small>[[George Kearsley Shaw|G. Shaw]], 1803</small> (Achilles surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus albimento]]'' <small>[[Kent E. Carpenter|K. E. Carpenter]], [[Jeffrey Taylor Williams|J. T. Williams]] & [[Mudjekeewis Dalisay Santos|M. D. Santos]], 2017</small> (White-chin surgeonfish)<ref name="Carpenter2017">Carpenter, K.E., Williams, J.T. & Santos, M.D. (2017): [http://oceansciencefoundation.org/josf/josf25d.pdf ''Acanthurus albimento'', a new species of surgeonfish (Acanthuriformes: Acanthuridae) from northeastern Luzon, Philippines, with comments on zoogeography.] ''Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 25: 33–46.''</ref>
* ''[[Acanthurus albipectoralis]]'' <small>[[Gerald Robert Allen|G. R. Allen]] & [[Anthony Michael Ayling|Ayling]], 1987</small> (White-fin surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus auranticavus]]'' <small>[[John Ernest Randall|J. E. Randall]], 1956</small> (Orange-socket surgeonfish)
Line 46 ⟶ 69:
* ''[[Acanthurus nigrofuscus]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> (Brown surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus nigroris]]'' <small>Valenciennes, 1835</small> (Blue-lined surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus nigros]]'' <small>[[Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther|Günther]], 1861</small> (Grey-head surgeonfish)<ref name="Randall2011">Randall, J.E., DiBattista, J.D. & Wilcox, C. (2011): ''Acanthurus nigros'' Günther, a Valid Species of Surgeonfish, Distinct from the Hawaiian ''A. nigroris'' Valenciennes. ''Pacific Science, 65 (2): 265–275.''</ref>
* ''[[Acanthurus nubilus]]'' <small>([[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]] & [[Barton Appler Bean|B. A. Bean]], 1929)</small> (Pin-striped surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus olivaceus]]'' <small>Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801</small> (Orange-spot surgeonfish)
Line 56 ⟶ 79:
* ''[[Acanthurus tennentii]]'' <small>Günther, 1861</small> (Double-band surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus thompsoni]]'' <small>(Fowler, 1923)</small> (Thompson's surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus tractus]]'' <small>[[Felipe Poey y Aloy|F. Poey]], 1860</small> (Ocean surgeonfish)<ref name="Bernal2011">Bernal, M.A. & Rocha, L.A. (2011): [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt02905p068.pdf ''Acanthurus tractus'' Poey, 1860, a valid western Atlantic species of surgeonfish (Teleostei, Acanthuridae), distinct from ''Acanthurus bahianus'' Castelnau, 1855.] ''Zootaxa, 2905: 63–68.''</ref>
* ''[[Acanthurus triostegus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> (Convict surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus tristis]]'' <small>J. E. Randall, 1993</small> (Indian Ocean mimic surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus xanthopterus]]'' <small>Valenciennes, 1835</small> (Yellow-fin surgeonfish)
==Characteristics==
[[File:Acanthurus spine peduncle.jpg|thumb|[[Acanthurus xanthopterus|''A. xanthopterus'']] tail spine]]
''Acanthurus'' surgeonfishes have disc shaped, highly laterally compressed bodies with a steep dorsal profile to the head. They have a small mouth positioned low on the head and the fish can protrude the jaws. The 8 to 28 teeth in the jaws are fixed and have flattened, serrated tips. There are typically 11 spines in the [[dorsal fin]]. There is a single spine on each side of the caudal peduncle and these can be pressed down into a groove.<ref name="STRI">{{cite web | url = https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/thefishes/taxon/2155 | title = Genus: Acanthurus, Common Surgeonfish, Surgeonfishes, Tangs | access-date = 29 August 2023 | work = Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information system | publisher = [[Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute]]}}</ref>
The [[Indo-Pacific]] [[yellowfin surgeonfish]] (''A. xanthopterus'') is the largest species with a maximum published [[total length]] of {{cvt|70|cm}} while the smallest is the black-barred surgeonfish (''[[Acanthurus polyzona|A. polyzona]]'') with a maximum published total length of {{cvt|11|cm}}.<ref name="Fishbase" />
==Distribution==
''Acanthrus'' surgeonfishes are distributed around the world in tropical waters.<ref name = STRI/>
==References==
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{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q648200}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Acanthurus| ]]
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