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| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = {{
| ''Acronurus
| ''Aspisurus'' <br>{{small|
| ''Ctenodon'' <br>{{small|
| ''Harpurina'' <br>{{small|
| ''Harpurus'' <br>{{small|
| ''Rhomboteuthis'' <br>{{small|
| ''Rhombotides'' <br>{{small|
| ''Theutis'' <br>{{small|
| ''Theutys'' <br>{{small|
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF/>
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==Species==
There are currently 41 recognized species in this genus:<ref name
[[File:Japanese Surgeonfish (Acanthurus japonicus) (8481921389).jpg|thumb|''[[Acanthurus japonicus|A. japonicus]]'']]
[[File:Acanthurus polyzona Réunion.JPG|thumb|''[[Acanthurus polyzona|A. polyzona]]'']]
[[File:Acanthurus lineatus Reunion.jpg|thumb|''[[Acanthurus lineatus|A. lineatus]]'']]
▲There are currently 41 recognized species in this genus:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase genus|genus=Acanthurus|month=June|year=2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Acanthurus achilles]]'' <small>[[George Kearsley Shaw|G. Shaw]], 1803</small> (Achilles surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus albimento]]'' <small>[[Kent E. Carpenter|K. E. Carpenter]], [[Jeffrey Taylor Williams|J. T. Williams]] & [[Mudjekeewis Dalisay Santos|M. D. Santos]], 2017</small> (White-chin surgeonfish)<ref name="Carpenter2017">Carpenter, K.E., Williams, J.T. & Santos, M.D. (2017): [http://oceansciencefoundation.org/josf/josf25d.pdf ''Acanthurus albimento'', a new species of surgeonfish (Acanthuriformes: Acanthuridae) from northeastern Luzon, Philippines, with comments on zoogeography.] ''Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 25: 33–46.''</ref>
* ''[[Acanthurus albipectoralis]]'' <small>[[Gerald Robert Allen|G. R. Allen]] & [[Anthony Michael Ayling|Ayling]], 1987</small> (White-fin surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus auranticavus]]'' <small>[[John Ernest Randall|J. E. Randall]], 1956</small> (Orange-socket surgeonfish)
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* ''[[Acanthurus nigrofuscus]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> (Brown surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus nigroris]]'' <small>Valenciennes, 1835</small> (Blue-lined surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus nigros]]'' <small>[[Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther|Günther]], 1861</small> (Grey-head surgeonfish)<ref name="Randall2011">Randall, J.E., DiBattista, J.D. & Wilcox, C. (2011): ''Acanthurus nigros'' Günther, a Valid Species of Surgeonfish, Distinct from the Hawaiian ''A. nigroris'' Valenciennes. ''Pacific Science, 65 (2): 265–275.''</ref>
* ''[[Acanthurus nubilus]]'' <small>([[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]] & [[Barton Appler Bean|B. A. Bean]], 1929)</small> (Pin-striped surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus olivaceus]]'' <small>Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801</small> (Orange-spot surgeonfish)
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* ''[[Acanthurus sohal]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> (Sohal surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus tennentii]]'' <small>Günther, 1861</small> (Double-band surgeonfish)
*
* ''[[Acanthurus tractus]]'' <small>[[Felipe Poey y Aloy|F. Poey]], 1860</small> (Ocean surgeonfish)<ref name="Bernal2011">Bernal, M.A. & Rocha, L.A. (2011): [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt02905p068.pdf ''Acanthurus tractus'' Poey, 1860, a valid western Atlantic species of surgeonfish (Teleostei, Acanthuridae), distinct from ''Acanthurus bahianus'' Castelnau, 1855.] ''Zootaxa, 2905: 63–68.''</ref>
* ''[[Acanthurus triostegus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> (Convict surgeonfish)
* ''[[Acanthurus tristis]]'' <small>J. E. Randall, 1993</small> (Indian Ocean mimic surgeonfish)
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