Hadhramaut: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Region in southern Arabia}}

{{Other uses}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}{{Leadcite comment}}

{{Infobox settlement

| caption4 = [[Al-Hajarayn]], [[Wadi Dawan|Wadi Dowan]]

| image5 = Al Mukala (2285805011).jpg

}}

| image_map = 1866 Johnson Map of Arabia, Persia, Turkey and Afghanistan (Iraq) - Geographicus - Arabia-johnson-1866 (cropped).jpg

| map_caption = Map of Hadhramaut in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]<!--{{Ref|box1|1}}-->

| coordinates = {{coord|16|N|49|E|display=title,inline}}

| parts_style = coll

| parts = List

*[[Al-Wadiah]]

*[[Sayhut]]

| footnotes = <!--{{note|box1}} The map represents modern-day perception: historical boundaries of Slavonia varied over centuries.-->

}}

Ḥaḍramawt has also been identified with [[Bible|Biblical]] [[Hazarmaveth]] ({{langx|hbo|חֲצַרְמָוֶת|Ḥăṣarmāweṯ|italic=no|rtl=yes}}; [[Genesis 10]]:26<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|10:26|KJV}}</ref> and [[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles]] 1:20).<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Chronicles|1:20|KJV}}</ref> There, it is the name of a son of [[Joktan]], who is identified with [[Qahtanite|Qahtan]] in Islamic tradition, the purported ancestor of the South Arabian kingdoms. According to various Bible dictionaries, the name "Hazarmaveth" means "court of death," reflecting a meaning similar to the Arabic folk etymologies.

 

 

A now rejected etymology was proposed by [[Juris Zarins]], rediscoverer of the city claimed to be the ancient [[incense trade route]] trade capital [[Iram of the Pillars|Ubar]] in Oman, who claimed that the name may come from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|ὕδρευματα}} {{transl|grc|[[hydreuma]]ta}}, i.e. enclosed (and often fortified) watering stations in wadis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ubar/zarins/index.html |title=Lost City of Arabia |format=NOVA online interview with Dr. Juris Zarins, September 1996 |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=September 1996}}</ref> Though it accurately describes the configuration of settlements in the [[pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] Wadi Ḥaḍramawt, this explanation for the name is anachronistic and phonetically inconsistent (for example, the name contains pharyngeal fricatives, which are neither found nor substituted for existing sounds in Greek).

===Ancient===

{{main|Kingdom of Hadhramaut}}

[[File:Griffon_hadhramaut.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|An ancient sculpture of a griffin, from the royal palace at Shabwa, the then-capital city of Hadhramaut]]

[[File:Ruins6.JPG|thumb|Remains of [[Khor Rori]]]]

==== Contemporary Yemen ====

The capital and largest city of Hadhramaut is the port [[Mukalla]]. Mukalla had a 1994 population of 122,400 and a 2003 population of 174,700, while the port city of [[Ash Shihr]] has grown from 48,600 to 69,400 in the same time. One of the more historically important cities in the region is [[Tarim, Yemen|Tarim]]. An important locus of Islamic learning, it is estimated to contain the highest concentration of descendants of Muhammad anywhere in the world.<ref name="No Room at the Inn">{{cite magazine |last=Alexandroni |first=Sam |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041 |title=No Room at the Inn |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |date=October 18, 2007 |archive-date=July 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015416/http://www.newstatesman.com/200710180041}}</ref>

==Geography==

[[File:Saiyun (2286703110).jpg|thumb|Region close to [[Seiyun]] in the [[Wadi Hadhramaut]]]]

===Political geography===

 

The Hadharem live in densely built towns centered on traditional watering stations along the wadis. Hadharem harvest crops of wheat and [[millet]], tend [[Phoenix dactylifera|date palm]] and [[coconut]] groves, and grow some coffee. On the plateau, Bedouins tend sheep and goats. Society is still highly tribal, with the old [[Sayyid|Seyyid]] [[aristocracy]], descended from the [[Muhammad in Islam|Islamic prophet Muhammad]], traditionally educated, strict in their Islamic observance, and highly respected in religious and secular affairs.<ref name=":0" />

 

===Physical geography===

File:146 Šibam.jpg|[[Shibam]] in Wadi Hadhramaut, with mountains in the background

</gallery>

 

 

===== Mountains =====

 

The Hadhramaut Mountains ({{langx|ar|جِبَال حَضْرَمَوْت|Jibāl Ḥaḍramawt}}),<ref name="Biladi1982">{{cite book |last=Bilādī |first=ʿĀtiq ibn Ghayth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrktAQAAIAAJ&q=جبال+حضرموت |title=بين مكة وحضرموت: رحلات ومشاهدات |publisher=دار مكة |year=1982 |language=ar}}</ref> also known as the "Mahrat Mountains"<ref name="Cavendish2006">{{cite book |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |author-link=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&q=mahrat |title=World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa |publisher=[[Cavendish Publishing]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-7614-7571-0 |pages=9–144 |chapter=I: Geography and climate}}</ref> ({{langx|ar|جِبَال ٱلْمَهْرَة|Jibāl Al-Mahrah}}), are a mountain range in [[Yemen]].<ref name="Scoville1979">{{cite book |last=Scoville |first=Sheila A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains |title=Gazetteer of Arabia: a geographical and tribal history of the Arabian Peninsula |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |year=2006 |isbn=0-7614-7571-0 |volume=2 |pages=117–122}}</ref> They are contiguous with the Omani [[Dhofar Mountains]] to the northeast,<ref name="GhazanfarFisher2013" /> and James Canton considered [[Aden]] in the southwest to be in the mountains' recesses.<ref name="Canton2014">{{cite book |last=Canton |first=James |author-link=James Canton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oU9QBgAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains |title=From Cairo to Baghdad: British Travellers in Arabia |date=2014-08-25 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=978-0-8577-3571-3 |location=London and New York City |page=91 |chapter=4: Modernising Arabia}}</ref>

===== Wadis =====

Wadi Hadhramaut ({{langx|ar|وادي حضرموت}}) is the main [[wadi]] in the region which has 16 tributary wadis, which are:<ref name="NIC"/>

 

 

=== Oil and gas ===

 

Hadramout produces approximately 258.8 thousand barrels per day.<ref>[https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world#/?tl_type=p&tl_id=5-A&pa=0000000000000000000000000000000000g&ct=0&ord=SA&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1urvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvnvvuvo&f=A U.S. Energy Information Administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200254/http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=53&aid=1&cid=YM,&syid=1997&eyid=2010&unit=TBPD|date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> One of the prominent oil fields is the Masila Basin Sector (14), discovered in 1993. The Yemeni government is committed to developing its oil fields to increase oil production, aiming to enhance national wealth in response to the country's economic and social development needs. Oil contributes between 30% and 40% of the gross domestic product (GDP) value and represents more than 70% of the total general budget revenues of the state. Moreover, it constitutes more than 90% of the country's export value.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ym.html CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209041951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ym.html|date=February 9, 2018}}</ref>

 

== Demographics ==

 

=== Hadhrami diaspora ===

 

Since the early 19th century, large-scale Hadhramaut [[human migration|migration]] has established sizable Hadhrami minorities all around the Indian Ocean,<ref name="Ho2006">{{citation |last=Ho |first=Engseng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C |title=The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2006|isbn=978-0-520-93869-4 }}</ref> in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Africa, including [[Mombasa]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Konkan division|Maharashtrian Konkan]],<ref name="Khalidi1996">{{citation |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |author-link=Omar Khalidi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA52 |chapter=The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad |title=Mediaeval Deccan History |editor1=Kulkarni |editor2=Naeem |editor3=De Souza |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=[[Mumbai|Bombay]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-8-1715-4579-7}}</ref><ref name="Manger2007">{{citation |last=Manger |first=Leif |title=Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers |publisher=[[Asian Journal of Social Science]] |volume=35 |number=4–5 |pages=405–433 (29) |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/saj/2007/00000035/F0020004/art00003 |year=2007}}</ref> [[Mangalore]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Gangolli]], [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], [[Sylhet]], [[Tanzania]], the [[Malay Archipelago]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[southern Philippines]] and Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Arab News]] |title=Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley |first=Joanna |last=Tan |date=20 July 2018 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1342016/world |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> In Hyderabad and Aurangabad, the community is known as [[Chaush]] and resides mostly in the neighborhood of [[Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas]]. There are also settlements of Hadharem in [[Gujarat]], such as in [[Ahmadabad, Gujarat|Ahmadabad]] and [[Surat]]. In South India, the [[Nawayath]] community also descends from Hadrami traders.

Earlier, several sultans in the [[Malay Archipelago]] such as the [[Malacca Sultanate]],<ref name="Freitag Clarence-Smith 1997">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBTbS4eNGp8C |title=Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s |last1=Freitag |first1=Ulrike |last2=Clarence-Smith |first2=William G. |date=1997 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=9-0041-0771-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Pontianak Sultanate]] or [[Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura]] were descents of Hadharem . In the 19th century, Hadhrami businessmen owned many of the maritime armada of barks, brigs, schooners and other ships in the Malay archipelago.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWwCQAAQBAJ&q=sultanate+arab+in+maluku&pg=PA141|title=The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation?|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Hassan|last2=Shouk|first2=Abu|date=2009-03-16|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2578-6|language=en}}</ref> In modern times, several Indonesian ministers, including former Foreign Minister [[Ali Alatas]] and former Finance Minister [[Mar'ie Muhammad]] are of Hadhrami descent, as is the former [[Prime Minister of East Timor]], [[Mari Alkatiri]] (2006).<ref>[[Agence France-Presse]]</ref>

 

 

Within the Hadhramaut region there has been a [[History of the Jews in Hadramaut|historical Jewish population]].<ref name="Wahrman2004">{{cite book|last=Wahrman|first=Miryam Z.|title=Brave New Judaism: When Science and Scripture Collide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYXcRVGNznEC&pg=PA150|date=1 January 2004|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-58465-032-4|page=150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahroni|first=Reuben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58QQocrWVkC&dq=hadramawt+jews&pg=PA201|title=The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: History, Culture, and Ethnic Relations|date=1994|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10110-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Skolnik|first=Fred|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEEOAQAAMAAJ&q=hadramawt+jews|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica: Gos-Hep|date=2007|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=978-0-02-865936-7|language=en}}</ref>

 

{{Wadis of Yemen}}

 

[[Category:Geography of Yemen]]

[[Category:Gulf of Aden]]