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| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ukraine (orthographic projection) with Disputed Land.png|frameless]]
|Show globe|[[File:Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[File:Topographic map of Ukraine (with borders and towns).svg|frameless]]|Topographic map of Ukraine with<br />borders and cities|default=1}}
| map_caption = Territory controlled by Ukraine (dark green)<br/>[[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|Russian-occupied territories]] (light green)
| image_map2 =
| alt_map2 = <!--alt text for second map-->
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| established_event3 = [[Cossack Hetmanate]]
| established_date3 = 18 August 1649
| established_event4 = [[Ukrainian People's Republic|People's
| established_date4 = {{nowrap|20 November 1917}}
| established_event5 = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet
| established_date5 = {{nowrap|10 March 1919}}
| established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Ukraine and the United Nations|UN membership]]}}
| established_date6 = 24 October 1945
| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence declared]]}}
| established_date7
| established_event8
| established_date8
| area_km2 = 603,628<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/#geography |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
| area_rank = 45th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
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| GDP_nominal_rank = 58th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,504<ref name="IMFWEO.UA" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 25.6 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2020
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}}
'''Ukraine'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|juː|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|n}} {{respell|yoo|KRAYN}}; {{langx|uk|Україна|Ukraina}}, {{IPA|uk|ʊkrɐˈjinɐ|pron|Uk-Україна (2).oga}}}} is a country in [[Eastern Europe]]. It is the [[List of European countries by area|second-largest European country]]{{Efn|Considering only territories located within geographic Europe
During the [[Middle Ages]], Ukraine was the site of [[early Slavs|early Slavic]] expansion and the area later became a key centre of [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] culture under the state of [[Kievan Rus']], which emerged in the 9th century. The state eventually disintegrated into rival regional powers and was destroyed by the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasions]] of the 13th century. The area was then contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers for the next 600 years, including the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the [[Austrian Empire]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], and the [[Tsardom of Russia]]. The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] emerged in [[central Ukraine]] in the 17th century, but was partitioned between Russia and Poland, and absorbed by the [[Russian Empire]]. [[Ukrainian nationalism]] developed and, following the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917, the short-lived [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] was formed. The [[Bolsheviks]] consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], which became a [[republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republic]] of the [[Soviet Union]] when it was formed in 1922. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the [[Holodomor]], a [[Causes of the Holodomor|human-made famine]]. The [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|German occupation]] during [[World War II in Ukraine]] was devastating, with 7 million Ukrainian civilians killed, including [[The Holocaust in Ukraine|most Ukrainian Jews]].
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From the 6th century BC, [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] colonies were established on the north-eastern shore of the [[Black Sea]], such as at [[Tyras]], [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]], and [[Chersonesus]]. These thrived into the 6th century AD. The [[Goths]] stayed in the area, but came under the sway of the [[Huns]] from the 370s. In the 7th century, the territory that is now eastern Ukraine was the centre of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. At the end of the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions, and the [[Khazars]] took over much of the land.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khazar | Origin, History, Religion, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khazar |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=12 May 2023 }}</ref>
In the 5th and 6th centuries, the [[Antes (people)|Antes]], which some relate as an [[early Slavs|early Slavic]] people, lived in Ukraine. Migrations from the territories of present-day Ukraine throughout the [[Balkans]] established many [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] nations. Northern migrations, reaching almost to [[Lake Ilmen]], led to the emergence of the [[Ilmen Slavs]] and [[Krivichs]]. Following an [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] raid in 602 and the collapse of the Antes Union, most of these peoples survived as separate tribes until the beginning of the second millennium.<ref>{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&q=antes+avar&pg=PA42 |title=A History of Ukraine
=== Golden Age of Kyiv ===
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In 1349, in the aftermath of the [[Galicia–Volhynia Wars]], the region was partitioned between the [[Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].<ref name="rowell266">{{cite book |title=Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345 |first=C. S. |last=Rowell |year=1994 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series |isbn=9780521450119}}</ref> From the mid-13th century to the late 1400s, the [[Republic of Genoa]] founded numerous [[colonies]] on the northern coast of the Black Sea and transformed these into large commercial centers headed by the consul, a representative of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2018 |script-title=ru:Генуэзские колонии в Одесской области – Бизнес-портал Измаила |title=Genuezskiye kolonii v Odesskoy oblasti – Biznes-portal Izmaila |trans-title=Genoese colonies in the Odesa region – Izmail's business portal |language=ru |url=http://izm-biz.info/genuezskie-kolonii-v-odesskoj-oblasti/ |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001115/http://izm-biz.info/genuezskie-kolonii-v-odesskoj-oblasti/ |archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> In 1430, the region of [[Podolia]] was incorporated into Poland, and the lands of modern-day Ukraine became increasingly settled by [[Polish people|Poles]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |date=2017 |title=The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pm-QDQAAQBAJ&dq=podolia+1430&pg=PT87 |location=New York |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=9780465050918}}</ref> In 1441, [[Genghisid]] prince [[Haci I Giray]] founded the [[Crimean Khanate]] on the [[Crimean Peninsula]] and the surrounding steppes;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://radiolemberg.com/ua-articles/ua-allarticles/a-history-of-ukraine-episode-33-the-crimean-khanate-and-its-permanent-invasions-of-ukraine |title=A History of Ukraine. Episode 33. The Crimean Khanate and Its Permanent Invasions of Ukraine |author=Radio Lemberg |website=radiolemberg.com |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512145419/http://radiolemberg.com/ua-articles/ua-allarticles/a-history-of-ukraine-episode-33-the-crimean-khanate-and-its-permanent-invasions-of-ukraine |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Khanate orchestrated [[Tatars|Tatar]] [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe|slave raids]]. Over the next three centuries, the [[Crimean slave trade]] would enslave an estimated two million in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kizilov |first=Mikhail |date=2007 |title=Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate |url=https://www.academia.edu/3706285 |journal=Journal of Jewish Studies |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=189–210 |doi=10.18647/2730/JJS-2007 |issn=0022-2097}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=İnalcik |first=Halil |title=The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern |publisher=Brooklyn College Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-93088800-8 |editor1-last=Ascher |editor1-first=Abraham |location=New York, NY |pages=25–43 |contribution=Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire |author-link=Halil İnalcık |editor2-last=Király |editor2-first=Béla K. |editor3-last=Halasi-Kun |editor3-first=Tibor |contribution-url=http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504102244/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html |archive-date=4 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1569, the [[Union of Lublin]] established the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], and most of the Ukrainian lands were transferred from Lithuania to the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]], becoming ''[[de jure]]'' Polish territory. Under the pressures of [[Polonisation]], many landed gentry of
=== Cossack Hetmanate ===
{{main|Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporozhian Sich}}
Deprived of native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, the peasants and townspeople began turning for protection to the emerging [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]]. In the mid-17th century, a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper Cossacks]] and Ruthenian peasants.<ref name="zaporizhia">{{cite web |author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A. |title=Zaporizhia, The |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\Z\A\ZaporizhiaThe.htm |access-date=16 December 2007 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]}}</ref> Poland exercised little real control over this population, but found the Cossacks to be useful against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and
[[File:Hondius Bohdan Khmelnytsky.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] established an independent [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack state]] after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|1648 uprising]] against Poland.]]
In 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] led the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish king]], which enjoyed wide support from the local population.<ref>Subtelny, pp. 123–124</ref> Khmelnytsky founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]], which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Lev |last1=Okinshevych |author2=Arkadii Zhukovsky |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmanstate.htm |title=Hetman state |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |date=1989 |volume=2}}</ref> After Khmelnytsky suffered a crushing defeat at the [[Battle of Berestechko]] in 1651, he turned to the [[List of Russian monarchs|Russian tsar]] for help. In 1654, Khmelnytsky was subject to the [[Pereiaslav Agreement]], forming a military and political alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian monarch.
After his death, the Hetmanate went through a devastating 30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, the
The Hetmanate's autonomy was severely restricted since Poltava. In the years 1764–1781, [[Catherine the Great]] incorporated much of [[Central Ukraine]] into the [[Russian Empire]], abolishing the
=== 19th and early 20th century ===
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The result of the conflict was a partial victory for the [[Second Polish Republic]], which annexed the Western Ukrainian provinces, as well as a larger-scale victory for the pro-Soviet forces, which succeeded in dislodging the remaining factions and eventually established the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (Soviet Ukraine). Meanwhile, modern-day [[Bukovina]] was occupied by [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] as an autonomous region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine – World War I and the struggle for independence |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=20 May 2023 }}</ref>
The conflict over Ukraine, a part of the broader [[Russian Civil War]], devastated the whole of the former
=== Inter-war period ===
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[[File:GolodomorKharkiv.jpg|thumb|right|Starved peasants on a street in [[Kharkiv]], 1933. [[Collectivization]] of crops and their confiscation by Soviet authorities led to a major famine in Soviet Ukraine known as the [[Holodomor]].]]
<!-- 1922–1939 -->During the inter-war period, in
Meanwhile, the recently constituted Soviet Ukraine became one of the founding republics of the [[Soviet Union]]. During the 1920s,<ref>Subtelny, p. 380</ref> under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet leadership at first encouraged a national renaissance in [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian culture]] and
Around the same time, Soviet leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] instituted the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP), which introduced a form of [[market socialism]], allowing some private ownership of small and medium-sized productive enterprises, hoping to reconstruct the post-war Soviet Union that had been devastated by both WWI and later the civil war. The NEP was successful at restoring the formerly war-torn nation to pre-WWI levels of production and agricultural output by the mid-1920s, much of the latter based in Ukraine.<ref name="Service">{{cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |title=A History of Twentieth-Century Russia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0674403487 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=124–125}}</ref> These policies attracted many prominent former UNR figures, including former UNR leader Hrushevsky, to return to Soviet Ukraine, where they were accepted, and participated in the advancement of Ukrainian science and culture.<ref>Christopher Gilley, 'The "Change of Signposts" in the Ukrainian emigration: Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries', ''Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas'', Vol. 54, 2006, No. 3, pp. 345–74</ref>
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This period was cut short when [[Joseph Stalin]] became the leader of the USSR following Lenin's death. Stalin did away with the NEP in what became known as the [[Great Break (USSR)|Great Break]]. Starting from the late 1920s and now with a [[planned economy|centrally planned economy]], Soviet Ukraine took part in an [[Industrialization in the USSR|industrialisation scheme]] which quadrupled its industrial output during the 1930s.
However, as a consequence of Stalin's new policy, the Ukrainian peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivization in the USSR|programme of collectivization]] of agricultural crops. Collectivization was part of the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and the secret police known as [[Cheka]]. Those who resisted were [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] to [[gulag]]s and work camps. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]] known as the [[Holodomor]] or the "Great Famine", which was recognized by some countries as an act of [[genocide]] perpetrated by
Following on the Russian Civil War and collectivisation, the [[Great Purge]], while killing Stalin's perceived political enemies, resulted in a profound loss of a new generation of Ukrainian
=== World War II ===
<!-- 1939–1945 -->
{{See also|Eastern Front (World War II)|Reichskommissariat Ukraine|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}
Following the [[Invasion of Poland]] in September 1939, [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Soviet Army|Soviet]] troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern
[[File:Маршал Советского Союза Герой Советского Союза Семён Константинович Тимошенко.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Marshal [[Semyon Timoshenko]] (born in the [[Budjak]] region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including the [[Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)|Southwestern Front]] east of Kyiv in 1941.]]
[[Wehrmacht|German armies]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of [[total war]]. The [[Axis Powers|Axis]] initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful efforts of the
Although the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and [[Soviet partisans|Soviet resistance]],<ref name="worldwars">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\W\O\Worldwars.htm |title=World wars |access-date=20 December 2007 |website=Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}</ref> in Western Ukraine an independent [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] movement arose (UPA, 1942). It was created as the armed forces of the underground [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN).<ref>{{cite book |title=Ukraine: A History |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106 |page=410 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442609914 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="vedeneyev">{{Cite web |last=Vedeneev |first=Dmitry |date=7 March 2015 |title=Військово-польова жандармерія - спеціальний орган Української повстанської армії |trans-title=Military Field Gendarmerie - special body of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army |url=http://warhistory.ukrlife.org/5_6_02_4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307183958/http://warhistory.ukrlife.org/5_6_02_4.htm |archive-date=7 March 2015 |access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref> Both organizations, the OUN and the UPA, supported the goal of an [[Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941|independent Ukrainian state]] on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the [[Andriy Atanasovych Melnyk|Melnyk]] wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. From mid-1943 until the end of the war, the UPA carried out [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|massacres of ethnic Poles]] in the
[[File:Ruined Kiev in WWII.jpg|thumb|[[Kyiv]] suffered significant damage during [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], and was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht|Germans]] from 19 September 1941 until 6 November 1943.]]
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[[File:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg|upright|thumb|Two future leaders of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (left, pre-war [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] chief in Ukraine) and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] (an engineer from [[Kamianske]], Ukraine)]]
The republic was heavily damaged by the war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine |archive-date=29 September 2007 |title=Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath |access-date=12 September 2007 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required) |url-status=dead}}</ref> The situation was worsened by a [[famine]] in 1946–1947, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction of infrastructure, killing at least tens of thousands of people.<ref name="dt-kul-dem-los"/> In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] (UN),<ref name="un ukssr">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml |title=Activities of the Member States – Ukraine |access-date=17 January 2011 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> part of a special agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]], and, alongside Belarus, had voting rights in the UN even though they were not independent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm |title=United Nations |publisher=U.S. Department of State |quote=Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security Council were finalized at the [[Yalta Conference]] in 1945 when Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes for the United States. |access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm |access-date=2014-09-22 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |quote=Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security Council were finalized at the Yalta Conference in 1945 when Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security Council. In April 1945, new U.S. President Truman agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes for the United States.}}</ref> Moreover, Ukraine once more expanded its borders as it annexed [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]], and the population became much more homogenized due to post-war
Following the death of Stalin in 1953, [[Nikita Khrushchev]] became the new leader of the USSR, who began the policies of [[De-Stalinization]] and the [[Khrushchev Thaw]]. During his term as head of the Soviet Union, [[Crimean Oblast|Crimea]] was [[1954 transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian SSR]], formally as a friendship gift to Ukraine and for economic reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html |title=The Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine |access-date=25 March 2007 |date=July 2005 |publisher=International Committee for Crimea}}</ref> This represented the final extension of Ukrainian territory and formed the basis for the internationally recognized borders of Ukraine to this day. Ukraine was one of the most important republics of the Soviet Union, which resulted in many top positions in the Soviet Union being occupied by Ukrainians, including notably [[Leonid Brezhnev]], [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] from 1964 to 1982. However, it was he and his [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|appointee in Ukraine]], [[Volodymyr Shcherbytsky]], who presided over the extensive [[Russification of Ukraine|Russification]] of Ukraine and who were instrumental in repressing a new generation of Ukrainian intellectuals known as the [[Sixtiers]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Bernard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hafLHZgZtt4C&q=shcherbytsky+russification&pg=PA1280 |title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia |last2=Cook |first2=Bernard Anthony |date=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-4058-4 |language=en}}</ref>
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<!-- 1990-2022 -->
[[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian President [[Leonid Kravchuk]] and Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] signing the [[Belavezha Accords]], which [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved the Soviet Union]], on 8 December 1991]]
[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pursued a policy of limited liberalization of public life, known as ''[[perestroika]],'' and attempted to reform a [[Era of Stagnation|stagnating economy]]. The latter failed, but the democratization of the Soviet Union fuelled nationalist and separatist tendencies among the ethnic minorities, including Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geller |first=Mikhail |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24243579 |title=Седьмой секретарь: Блеск и нищета Михаила Горбачева|date=1991 |isbn=1-870128-72-9 |edition=1st Russian |location=London |oclc=24243579|page=352=356}}</ref> As part of the so-called [[parade of sovereignties]], on 16 July 1990, the newly elected [[Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] adopted the [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine |access-date=12 September 2007 |date=16 July 1990 |website=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}</ref> After a [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed coup]] by some Communist leaders in Moscow at deposing Gorbachov, outright independence was
Ukraine was initially viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union,<ref>Shen, p. 41</ref> though it was one of the poorer Soviet republics by the time of the dissolution.<ref name="Notstronk">{{Cite web |last1=Sutela |first1=Pekka |title=The Underachiever: Ukraine's Economy Since 1991 |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/09/underachiever-ukraine-s-economy-since-1991-pub-47451 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref> However, during its transition to the market economy, the country experienced deeper economic slowdown than almost all of the other [[former Soviet Republics]]. During the recession, between 1991 and 1999, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2 |title=Ukrainian GDP (PPP) |access-date=10 March 2008 |website=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2007 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm |archive-date=12 July 2000 |title=Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown? |access-date=16 December 2007 |date=June 1998 |website=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> and suffered from [[hyperinflation]] that peaked at 10,000% in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Figliuoli |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Lissovolik |first2=Bogdan |date=31 August 2002 |title=The IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017151905/http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm |archive-date=17 October 2002 |access-date=16 December 2007 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> The situation only stabilized well after the new currency, the [[hryvnia]], fell sharply in late 1998 partially as a fallout from the [[Russian debt default]] earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Дефолт 1998 года: 10 лет спустя |url=https://ukraine.segodnya.ua/ukraine/defolt-1998-hoda-10-let-cpuctja-122939.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=ukraine.segodnya.ua |date=11 July 2022 |language=ru}}</ref> The legacy of the economic policies of the nineties was the mass privatization of state property that created a class of extremely powerful and rich individuals known as the [[Ukrainian oligarch|oligarchs]].<ref name="Notstronk"/> The country then fell into a series of sharp recessions as a result of the [[Great Recession]],<ref name="Notstronk"/> the start of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-05 |title=The stable crisis. Ukraine's economy three years after the Euromaidan |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2017-04-05/stable-crisis-ukraines-economy-three-years-after-euromaidan |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref> and finally, the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|full-scale invasion]] by Russia in starting from 24 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=War to cause Ukraine economy to shrink nearly a third this year – EBRD report – Ukraine|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/war-cause-ukraine-economy-shrink-nearly-third-year-ebrd-report |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=ReliefWeb |date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Ukraine's economy in general underperformed since the time independence came due to pervasive [[Corruption in Ukraine|corruption]] and mismanagement,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickinson |first=Peter |date=2021-06-19 |title=Ukraine's choice: corruption or growth |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukraines-choice-corruption-or-growth/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> which, particularly in the 1990s, led to protests and organized strikes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aslund |first1=Anders |date=Autumn 1995 |title=Eurasia Letter: Ukraine's Turnaround |journal=[[Foreign Policy]] |issue=100 |pages=125–143 |doi=10.2307/1149308 |volume=100 |last2=Aslund |first2=Anders |jstor=1149308}}</ref> The war with Russia impeded meaningful economic recovery in the 2010s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mykhnenko |first=Vlad |date=2020-03-15 |title=Causes and Consequences of the War in Eastern Ukraine: An Economic Geography Perspective |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=528–560 |doi=10.1080/09668136.2019.1684447 |s2cid=214438848 |issn=0966-8136|doi-access=free }}</ref> while efforts to combat the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine|COVID-19 pandemic]], which arrived in 2020, were made much harder by [[COVID-19 vaccine|low vaccination rates]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ludvigsson |first1=Jonas F. |last2=Loboda |first2=Andrii |date=July 2022 |title=Systematic review of health and disease in Ukrainian children highlights poor child health and challenges for those treating refugees |journal=[[Acta Paediatrica]] |language=en |volume=111 |issue=7 |pages=1341–1353 |doi=10.1111/apa.16370 |issn=0803-5253 |pmc=9324783 |pmid=35466444}}</ref> and, later in the pandemic, by the ongoing invasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of war on the dynamics of COVID-19 in Ukraine - Ukraine|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/impact-war-dynamics-covid-19-ukraine |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=reliefweb.int |date=17 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Euromaidan Kyiv 1-12-13 by Gnatoush 009.jpg|thumb|[[Euromaidan]] protest in Kyiv, December 2013]]
From the political perspective, one of the defining features of the [[politics of Ukraine]] is that for most of the time, it has been divided along two issues: the relation between Ukraine, the [[Western world|West]] and Russia, and the classical [[Left–right political spectrum|left-right]] divide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shevel |first=Oxana |date=2015-09-01 |title=The parliamentary elections in Ukraine, October 2014 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379415000608 |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en |volume=39 |pages=159–163 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.015 |issn=0261-3794}}</ref> The first two presidents, Kravchuk and [[Leonid Kuchma]], tended to balance the competing visions of Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuzio |first=Taras |date=2005-10-01 |title=Neither East Nor West: Ukraine's Security Policy Under Kuchma |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2005.11052215 |journal=[[Problems of Post-Communism]] |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1080/10758216.2005.11052215 |s2cid=157151441 |issn=1075-8216}}</ref> though [[Yushchenko]] and [[Yanukovych]] were generally pro-Western and pro-Russian, respectively. There were two major protests against Yanukovych: the [[Orange Revolution]] in 2004, when tens of thousands of people went in protest of [[election rigging]] in his favour (Yushchenko was eventually elected president), and another one in the winter of 2013/2014, when more gathered on the [[Euromaidan]] to oppose Yanukovych's refusal to sign the [[European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement]]. By the end of the protests on 21 February 2014, he fled from Ukraine and was removed by the parliament in what is termed the [[Revolution of Dignity]], but Russia refused to recognize the interim pro-Western government, calling it a ''[[Military junta|junta]]'' and denouncing the events as a
Even though Russia had signed the [[Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances|Budapest memorandum]] in 1994 that said that Ukraine was to hand over [[Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]] in exchange of security guarantees and those of territorial integrity, it reacted violently to these developments and started a
[[File:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg|thumb|[[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine]] as of {{Date}}]]
The military conflict with Russia shifted the government's policy towards the West. Shortly after Yanukovych fled Ukraine, the country signed the EU association agreement in June 2014, and its citizens were granted visa-free travel to the European Union three years later. In January 2019, the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] was recognized as independent of Moscow, which reversed the
== Geography ==
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Ukraine is the [[List of European countries by area|second-largest European country]], after Russia, and the largest country entirely in Europe. Lying between latitudes [[44th parallel north|44°]] and [[53rd parallel north|53° N]], and longitudes [[22nd meridian east|22°]] and [[41st meridian east|41° E]]., it is mostly in the [[East European Plain]]. Ukraine covers an area of {{convert|603550|km2}}, with a coastline of {{convert|2782|km}}.<ref name="cia"/>
The landscape of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile [[steppes]] (plains with few trees) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the
Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the [[Volhynian-Podolian Upland|Volyn-Podillia Upland]] (in the west) and the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of the Dnieper). To the east there are the south-western spurs of the [[Central Russian Upland]] over which runs the border with Russia. Near the
Significant natural resources in Ukraine include [[lithium]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tabuchi |first=Hiroko |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=2 March 2022 |title=Before Invasion, Ukraine's Lithium Wealth Was Drawing Global Attention |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/climate/ukraine-lithium.html |access-date=3 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> natural gas,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mining – UkraineInvest |date=8 May 2020 |url=https://ukraineinvest.gov.ua/industries/mining/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[kaolin]],<ref name=":0"/> timber<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nature |first=Preferred by |title=Ukraine Timber Risk Profile |url=https://preferredbynature.org/sourcinghub/timber/ukraine-timber-risk-profile |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=NEPCon – Preferred by Nature |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092543/https://preferredbynature.org/sourcinghub/timber/ukraine-timber-risk-profile |url-status=dead }}</ref> and an abundance of [[arable land]].<ref>{{Cite book |date=2020 |title=Overview of soil conditions of arable land in Ukraine – Study case for steppe and forest-steppe zones. |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca7761en/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |doi=10.4060/ca7761en |isbn=978-92-5-132215-4 |s2cid=242588829 |language=en }}</ref> Ukraine has many environmental issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues |url=https://ceobs.org/ukraine-invasion-rapid-overview-of-environmental-issues/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=CEOBS |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 2016 |title=Ukraine Country Environmental Analysis |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24971 |journal=[[World Bank]] |language=en-US |last1=Bank |first1=World|doi=10.1596/24971 |hdl=10986/24971 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Some regions lack adequate supplies of potable water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303120132/https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |url-status=dead }}</ref> Air and water pollution affects the country, as well as deforestation, and radiation contamination in the northeast from the 1986 accident at the [[Chernobyl]] Nuclear Power Plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://naturvernforbundet.no/international/environmental-issues-in-ukraine/category948.html |title=Environmental issues in Ukraine |publisher=Naturvernforbundet |date=16 July 2017 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306201646/https://naturvernforbundet.no/international/environmental-issues-in-ukraine/category948.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The environmental damage caused by the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] has been described as an [[ecocide]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2022 |title=Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war causes 'ecocide' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/ukraine-green-ecocide-russia-war-b2038825.html |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> the [[Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam|destruction]] of [[Kakhovka Dam]], severe pollution and millions of tonnes of contaminated debris is estimated to cost over [[USD]] 50 billion to repair.<ref name="pax">[https://paxforpeace.nl/news/overview/ten-step-plan-to-address-environmental-impact-of-war-in-ukraine "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine"] PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 30 April 2023.</ref><ref name="enviroyale">[https://e360.yale.edu/digest/russia-ukraine-war-environmental-cost-one-year "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage"] e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 30 April 2023.
=== Climate ===
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{{main|Wildlife of Ukraine}}
[[File:WLE - 2020 - Ай-Петринська яйла.jpg|thumb|View from the western slope of Mount Ai-Petri of the [[Ai-Petri]] plateau, in Crimea designated by the Ukrainian government as a natural heritage site.]]
Ukraine contains six terrestrial [[ecoregion]]s: [[Central European mixed forests]], [[Crimean Submediterranean forest complex]], [[East European forest steppe]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], [[Carpathian montane conifer forests]], and
=== Urban areas ===
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}}
The
Ukraine's legislative branch includes the 450-seat [[unicameral]] parliament, the
Laws, acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Crimean parliament]] may be abrogated by the
Local self-government is officially guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations are appointed by the president in accordance with the proposals of the prime minister.<ref name="House2004">{{cite book | author = Freedom House | date = 13 September 2004 | title = Nations in Transit 2004: Democratization in East Central Europe and Eurasia | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | pages = 639– | isbn = 978-1-4617-3141-2 | oclc = 828424860 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AsJlnVU4ipoC&pg=PA639}}</ref>
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[[Martial law in Ukraine|Martial law]] was declared when Russia invaded in February 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine's president declared martial law after Russia's attack. But what is it? |website=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/02/24/martial-law-ukraine-russia-attack/6925581001/}}</ref> and continues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine President Submits Bill Extending Martial Law Until Late April |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ukraines-president-volodymyr-zelenskiy-submits-bill-extending-martial-law-until-late-april-2823166 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-22 |title=Ukrainian Parliament Extends Martial Law For 90 Days |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-russia-martial-law-extended/31862325.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |language=en}}</ref> The courts enjoy legal, financial and constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are largely well protected from dismissal (except for gross misconduct). Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period of five years, after which Ukraine's Supreme Council confirms their positions for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have been much improved since Ukraine's independence in 1991. The Supreme Court is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions ruled against the Ukrainian government. The [[World Justice Project]] ranks Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|title=WJP Rule of Law Index® 2018–2019|website=data.worldjusticeproject.org|access-date=28 April 2014|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071718/http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Prosecutor]]s in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according to the [[European Commission for Democracy through Law]] "the role and functions of the Prosecutor's Office is not in accordance with [[Council of Europe]] standards".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Byrne |first=Peter |date=25 March 2010 |title=Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/ |archive-date=31 March 2010}}</ref> The [[conviction rate]] is over 99%,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Українські суди майже не виносять виправдувальних вироків |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref> equal to the conviction rate of the
[[File:Будинок уряду України, Київ.JPG|thumb|The [[Government of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers]] building]]
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In 2010, [[Viktor Yanukovych|President Yanukovych]] formed an expert group to make recommendations on how to "clean up the current mess and adopt a law on court organization".<ref name=":7" /> One day later, he stated "We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system."<ref name=":7" /> The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine remain quite punitive.<ref name="United States Department of State 2021">{{cite web | title=Ukraine | website=United States Department of State | date=4 November 2021 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ukraine/ | access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>
Since 2010 court proceedings can be held in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens unable to speak
Law enforcement agencies are controlled by the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. They consist primarily of the [[National Police of Ukraine|national police force]] and various specialised units and agencies such as the [[State Border Guard Service of Ukraine|State Border Guard]] and the [[Ukrainian Sea Guard|Coast Guard]] services. Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their heavy handling of the 2004
=== Foreign relations ===
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From 1999 to 2001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member of the [[UN Security Council]]. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union.<ref name="U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division.2000">{{cite book |date=2000 |title=Background Notes, Ukraine |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]], Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division. |pages=9– |oclc=40350408 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnEiep4NgnAC&pg=PA9}}</ref> Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and promoted a peaceful resolution to the conflict in the [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet state]] of Georgia. Ukraine also has made contributions to UN [[peacekeeping]] operations since 1992.<ref name="NATO Information Service.">{{cite book |title=NATO Review |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]] – NATO Information Service. |pages=49– |oclc=1387966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Al8ux_sHwsYC&pg=PA49}}</ref>
Ukraine considers Euro-Atlantic integration its primary foreign policy objective,<ref name="result of Russia">{{cite web |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html |title=Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Poroshenko |work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html |title=Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status – law |work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/ |title=Ukraine's complicated path to NATO membership |work=[[Euronews]] |date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html |title=Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 December 2014}}<br />{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226 |title=Ukraine Ends 'Nonaligned' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=23 December 2014}}</ref> but in practice it has always balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with strong ties to Russia. The
In 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE)), and also became a member of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]]. [[Ukraine–NATO relations]] are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership.<ref name="result of Russia"/>
Ukraine is the most active member of the [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual integration into the European Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html |title=Teixeira: Ukraine's EU integration suspended, association agreement unlikely to be signed |publisher=[[Interfax]] |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref> The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union was signed in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html |title=EU, Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 – European Council|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> Ukraine long had close ties with all its neighbours, but [[Russia–Ukraine relations]] rapidly deteriorated in 2014 due to the
In 2020, in [[Lublin]], Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine created the [[Lublin Triangle]] initiative, which aims to create further cooperation between the three historical countries of the
In 2021, the [[Association Trio]] was formed by signing a joint memorandum between the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia|Foreign Ministers of Georgia]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova|Moldova]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)|Ukraine]]. The Association Trio is a tripartite format for enhanced cooperation, coordination, and dialogue between the three countries (that have signed the Association Agreement with the EU) with the
=== Military ===
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Ukraine played an increasing role in peacekeeping operations. In 2014, the Ukrainian frigate ''Hetman Sagaidachniy'' joined the European Union's counter piracy [[Operation Atalanta]] and was part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of [[Somalia]] for two months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/ |title=Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter Piracy Operation Atalanta |publisher=Eunavfor.eu |date=6 January 2014 |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228164241/https://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ukrainian troops were deployed in [[Kosovo]] as part of the [[Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|Ukrainian-Polish Battalion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo |title=Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR |access-date=24 December 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}</ref> In 2003–2005, a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the [[multinational force in Iraq]] under Polish command.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en |title=Peacekeeping |access-date=2 May 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Defence of Ukraine}}</ref> Military units of other states participated in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian forces in Ukraine regularly, including [[U.S. military]] forces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2010|title=Kyiv Post. Independence. Community. Trust – Politics – Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine for exercises|date=22 May 2010}}</ref>
Following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.<ref name="gska2.rada.gov.ua" /> The country had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation and other CIS countries and has had a
As part of modernization after the beginning of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] in 2014, junior officers were allowed to take more initiative and a [[Territorial defence battalions (Ukraine)|territorial defense force]] of volunteers was established.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Liam |title=In 2014, the 'decrepit' Ukrainian army hit the refresh button. Eight years later, it's paying off |url=http://theconversation.com/in-2014-the-decrepit-ukrainian-army-hit-the-refresh-button-eight-years-later-its-paying-off-177881 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=The Conversation |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Various defensive weapons including [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|drones]] were supplied by many countries, but not fighter jets.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=What's in the new US military aid package to Ukraine? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/17/whats-in-the-new-us-military-aid-package-to-ukraine |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> During the first few weeks of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasion]] the military found it difficult to defend against shelling, missiles and high level bombing; but light infantry used shoulder-mounted weapons effectively to destroy tanks, armoured vehicles and low-flying aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Is an outright Russian military victory in Ukraine possible? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/is-an-outright-russian-military-victory-in-ukraine-possible |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> In August 2023, the U.S. officials estimated that up to 70,000 Ukrainian soldiers were killed and 100,000 to 120,000 wounded during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Troop Deaths and Injuries in Ukraine War Near 500,000, U.S. Officials Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/18/us/politics/ukraine-russia-war-casualties.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 August 2023}}</ref>
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[[File:Electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg|upright=1.2|thumb|Electricity production by source in Ukraine]]
Energy in Ukraine is mainly from [[Natural gas in Ukraine|gas]] and [[Coal in Ukraine|coal]], followed by [[Nuclear power in Ukraine|nuclear]] then [[Oil in Ukraine|oil]].<ref name=":0"/> The coal industry has been disrupted by conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The paradox threatening Ukraine's post-coal future |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/the-paradox-threatening-ukraines-post-coal-future/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}</ref> Most gas and oil is imported, but since 2015 [[energy policy]] has prioritised diversifying energy supply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/ukraine |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref>
About half of [[electricity generation]] is nuclear and a quarter coal.<ref name=":0"/> The largest [[nuclear power plant]] in Europe, the [[Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant]], is in Ukraine. [[Fossil fuel subsidies]] were US$2.2 billion in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fossil-Fuel Subsidies in the EU's Eastern Partner Countries : Estimates and Recent Policy Developments |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/38d3a4b5-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/38d3a4b5-en |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[OECD]] |language=en}}</ref> Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not.<ref>{{cite web |title=Westinghouse and Ukraine's Energoatom Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract |url=http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm |archive-date=11 April 2014 |access-date=15 April 2014 |website=11 April 2014 |publisher=Westinghouse}}</ref>
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== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Ukraine|Ukrainians}}
Before the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] the country had an estimated population of over 41 million people, and was the [[List of European countries by population|eighth-most populous country]] in Europe. It is a [[Urbanization by country|heavily urbanized country]], and its industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most densely populated—about 67% of its total population lives in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html |title=Ukraine – Statistics |access-date=7 January 2008 |website=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051640/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> At that time Ukraine had a [[list of countries by population density|population density]] of {{convert|69.5|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|inhabitants |inhabitants|}}, and the overall [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy in the country]] at birth was 73 years (68 years for males and 77.8 years for females).<ref>{{cite web|title=Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688|date=2020|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
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=== History ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sapozhnykov |first1=Игорь Сапожников / Igor |last2=Stepanchuk |first2=Vadim |date=2009-01-01 |chapter=Ukrainian Upper Palaeolithic between 40/10.000 BP: current insights into environmental-climatic change and cultural development |url=https://www.academia.edu/3156832 |title= Le concept de territoires dans le Paléolithique supérieur européen, F.Djindjian, J.Kozlowski, N.Bicho (eds)}}
* Bilinsky, Yaroslav ''The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II'' ([[Rutgers University Press]], 1964) [https://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707080141/https://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world |date=7 July 2020 }}
* Hrushevsky, Michael. ''A History of Ukraine'' (1986)
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