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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Dame]]
| name = Elizabeth Cadbury
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE|sep=,|size=100%}}
| image = File:DameElizabethCadbury.jpg
| caption = Dame Elizabeth Cadbury
| birthname = Elizabeth Mary Taylor
| birth_date = 24 June 1858
| birth_place = [[Peckham Rye]], [[Southwark]], [[London]], [[Middlesex]], England, UK
| death_date = {{dda|1951|12|4|1858|6|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Northfield, Birmingham]], England, UK
| education = [[North London Collegiate School]]
| occupation =
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[George Cadbury]]|1888|1922|end=d}}
| childrenspouse = 6, including:<br> = {{marriage|[[EgbertGeorge Cadbury]]<br>[[Marion Greeves]]|1888|1922|end=d}}
| children = 6, including:<br />[[Egbert Cadbury]]<br />[[Marion Greeves]]
| parents = John Taylor<br/>Mary Jane Cash
}}
 
'''Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE}} (''{{nee}}'' '''Taylor'''; 24 June 1858 – 4 December 1951; née Taylor) was a British activist, politician and [[philanthropy|philanthropist]]. andHer wifehusband ofwas [[George Cadbury]], the chocolate manufacturer.<ref name=":1" />
 
==Early life==
Born in [[Peckham Rye]], [[Southwark]], [[London]], [[Middlesex]], she was one of ten children of the [[Quaker]] company director and [[stockbroker]] John Taylor (d. 1894) and his wife, Mary Jane Cash (d. 1887). She grew up in an affluent family background.<ref name=":1" /> Her parents were active [[Temperance movement in the United Kingdom|temperance]] crusaders, and enthusiasts for the adult education provided by mechanics' institutes. She was raised as a [[Quakers|Quaker]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Adrian |last2=Bryson |first2=John |date=2015-01-29 |title=A Quaker Experiment in Town Planning: George Cadbury and the Construction of Bournville Model Village |url=https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/quakerstudies/vol11/iss1/6/ |journal=Quaker Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |issn=1363-013X}}</ref> visited workhouses with her mother and volunteered at children’s hospitals in her youth.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Halifax |first=Justine |date=2016-03-17 |title=Remembered: Dame Elizabeth Cadbury's tireless work to improve the lives of Birmingham people |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/remembered-dame-elizabeth-cadburys-tireless-11053560 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Birmingham Live |language=en}}</ref>
 
She and her sister Margaret were educated privately in [[German Empire|Germany]], and Elizabeth then attended [[North London Collegiate School]] from 1874–761874 to 1876. In 1876 she passed the senior [[Cambridge University]] examination in ten subjects, but did not enter higher education. On leaving school sheShe did [[social work]] in the London docks and [[Paris]], asattend wellpublic aslectures teachingheld at the [[SundayLondon schoolInstitution]] of her [[Quaker]] meeting.<ref>Sara Delamont,name=":3" ''Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury'' in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' online; OUP 2004-12</ref>
 
On leaving school she carried out [[social work]] in the London docks and [[Paris]], as well as teaching at the [[Sunday school]] of her [[Quaker]] meeting,<ref name=":1">{{Cite ODNB |last=Delamont |first=Sarah |date=23 September 2004 |title=Cadbury [née Taylor], Dame Elizabeth Mary (1858–1951), welfare worker and philanthropist |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-45784 |access-date=2024-11-28 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/45784}}</ref> taking a class of 40 boys in a poor district of south London. Following this in 1884, she started a boys’ club, as well as working with women in the slums of London. These activities were highly unusual for a lady of her age, marital status and social class.<ref name="QW" />
 
==Family life==
On a visit to her aunt and uncle in Birmingham, she met [[George Cadbury]], co-founder of the Bournville chocolate factory. She and George were both Quakers who shared an interest in the temperance movement and adult education. They became friends and colleagues for over ten years due to these mutual interests.<ref name="QW" />
In 1888, Elizabeth married [[George Cadbury]], then a widower with five children. They had six children together: Laurence John, George Norman, Elsie Dorothea, [[Egbert Cadbury|Egbert]], [[Marion Greeves|Marion Janet]], and Ursula.
 
George's first wife Mary Tylor died in 1887 and he became a widower with five children.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wordsworth |first=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfvLDwAAQBAJ&dq=elizabeth+cadbury&pg=PT7 |title=A History of Cadbury |date=2018-11-30 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-5267-3338-2 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Peckham Rye]], Southwark, London, Middlesex, on 19 June 1888,<ref name=":1" /> Elizabeth married George and became his second wife. She moved to Birmingham.<ref name=":4" /> They had six children together: Laurence John, George Norman, Elsie Dorothea, [[Egbert Cadbury|Egbert]], [[Marion Greeves|Marion Janet]], and Ursula.<ref name=":1" />
 
==Activism==
SheCadbury and her husband played a great role in the development of [[Bournville]] and she opened the 200th house there herself. In 1909, she opened the Woodland Hospital, which became the [[Royal Orthopaedic Hospital]]. She also built '''The Beeches''', to provide holidays for slum children. She chaired the Birmingham school medical service committee and worked energetically to provide [[school health services|medical inspection in schools]]. FromTogether 1941with toher 1948husband, she wasparticipated president ofin the Unitedreform Hospitalof inindustrial Birmingham.working Throughoutand herliving lifeconditions shethrough campaigned forsupporting the educationwelfare, health and welfareeducation of women asand achildren convincedin but[[Bournville]]. non-militantAmongst suffragist.<ref>Helenthe Smith,original ''UncoveringTrustees of the Life[[Bournville Village Trust]], in 1922 she succeeded George Cadbury as Chairman and Archivesupported the development of Damehousing Elizabethschemes Taylorand Cadbury,community Quakerlife Philanthropist'';in Women'sBournville Historyvillage Networkfor Blog,over 2010:fifty http://womenshistorynetworkyears.org/blog/?tag=elizabeth-taylor-cadbury</ref name=":2" />
 
From 1941-48, she was president of the United Hospital in Birmingham. Throughout her life she campaigned for the education and welfare of women as a philanthropist and convinced, but non-militant, [[Suffrage|suffragist]].<ref name=":2" /> She taught a class for the wives of her husband's students at the Severn Street Adult School in Birmingham.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=SMITH |first=HELEN VICTORIA |date=2012 |title=ELIZABETH TAYLOR CADBURY (1858-1951): RELIGION, MATERNALISM AND SOCIAL REFORM IN BIRMINGHAM, 1888-1914 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/40017441.pdf |journal=University of Birmingham Research Archive}}</ref>
The founder in 1898 of the Birmingham Union of Girls' Clubs, she was active in the YWCA and in the National Council for Women from 1896 to her death. She was Vice President of the [[Electrical Association for Women]], an organisation which sought to promote the benefits of electricity in the home and alleviate women's domestic drudgery.<ref>{{Cite book|last=EAW|title=EAW Silver Jubilee Handbook 1950|year=1950|location=IET Library and Archives}}</ref> In 1936, at the age of seventy-eight, she led the UK delegation to the [[International Council of Women|World Congress of the International Council of Women]], held in [[Calcutta]].▼
 
▲The founder in 1898 of the Birmingham Union of Girls' Clubs, sheCadbury was active in the YWCA and in the [[National Council for Women]] from 1896 to her death. She was the founder of the Midlands Division of the [[YWCA|Young Women's Christian Association]].<ref name=":5" /> She was Vice President of the [[Electrical Association for Women]], an organisation which sought to promote the benefits of electricity in the home and alleviate women's domestic drudgery.<ref>{{Cite book|last=EAW|title=EAW Silver Jubilee Handbook 1950|year=1950|location=IET Library and Archives}}</ref> In 1936,1911 atshe thewas ageappointed Chairman of seventyBirmingham City Education Committee’s Hygiene Sub-eight,Committee.<ref shename=":2">{{Cite ledweb the|last=Smith UK|first=Helen delegation|date=22 toAugust 2010 |title=Uncovering the [[InternationalLife Counciland Archive of Women|WorldDame CongressElizabeth ofTaylor theCadbury, InternationalQuaker CouncilPhilanthropist (1858-1951) |url=https://womenshistorynetwork.org/uncovering-the-life-and-archive-of-dame-elizabeth-taylor-cadbury-quaker-philanthropist-1858-1951/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=Women]],'s heldHistory inNetwork [[Calcutta]].|language=en-GB}}</ref>
An active [[pacifism|pacifist]] she was the first chair of the Peace and International Relations Committee of the National Council of Women, established in 1914. In 1916 she was elected to the [[National Peace Council]], becoming its treasurer and then its vice-president. Along with [[Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair|Lady Aberdeen]], [[Millicent Fawcett]], and Mrs Corbett Ashby, she pressed for the inclusion of women's issues in the agenda of the Congress of Versailles. She was an energetic supporter of the [[League of Nations]] Union. During the [[Second World War]], she worked with Belgian refugees, and after that war continued her efforts with the International Council of Women.<ref>Sara Delamont, ''Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury'' in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' online; OUP 2004-12</ref>
 
An active [[pacifism|pacifist]], Cadbury opposed the [[Second Boer War]],<ref name="QW" /> fought between the British Empire and two independent Boer states, although [[Cadbury|Cadburys]] did donate chocolate free of charge in unbranded tins to soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-17 |title=Century-old chocolate bars from Queen Victoria discovered in attic |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-62939310 |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> She was the first chair of the Peace and International Relations Committee of the National Council of Women, established in 1914.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Bournville Women |url=https://sellymanormuseum.org.uk/news/2020-03-31/international-womens-month-bournville |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Selly Manor |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1916, she was elected to the [[National Peace Council]], becoming its treasurer and then its vice-president. Along with [[Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair|Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Lady Aberdeen]], [[Millicent Fawcett]], and Mrs Corbett Ashby, she pressed for the inclusion of women's issues in the agenda of the Congress of Versailles.<ref name=":5" /> She was an energetic supporter of the [[League of Nations]] Union. In 1924 she led the work of a Public Utility Society, Residential Flats Ltd., which erected a residential club ‘designed to meet the needs of business and professional women who are enabled to have ‘a home of their own’, with the additional advantages of the communal services of a club’.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=The Forgotten Pioneers, celebrating the women of the garden city movement |url=https://tcpa.formandfunction.dev/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/tcpaforgottenpioneers.pdf |journal=TCPA |date=November 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
In national politics Elizabeth Cadbury's sympathies were similar to those usually associated with [[Christian socialism]], and she was a pillar of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]. She was a Birmingham city councillor, for King's Norton ward, from 1919 to 1924, as a Liberal, losing her seat to a Conservative. Her political platform was a reformist one: municipal action in housing improvement, a school health service, and equality of opportunity. Among her political successes were her co-option to the Birmingham education committee in 1919, and her services as a [[magistrate]] from 1926. Cadbury also fought the [[King's Norton (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Norton]] seat for the Liberals at the [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923 general election]] coming third but maintaining the Liberal share of the vote at 25%.<ref>F W S Craig, ''British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949''; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1969 p86</ref>▼
 
During and immediately following the [[World War I|First World War]], Cadbury led local efforts to provide housing and schooling for young refugees from [[Serbia]] and [[Austria]] who came to Birmingham to escape conflict and poverty in their home countries.<ref name=":2" /> During the [[Second World War]], she worked with Belgian refugees, and after that war continued her efforts with the [[International Council of Women]].<ref name=":1" />
 
▲In national politics Elizabeth Cadbury's sympathies were similar to those usually associated with [[Christian socialism]], and she was a pillar of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]. She was a Birmingham city councillor, for King's Norton ward, from 1919 to 1924, as a Liberal, losing her seat to a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]. Her political platform was a reformist one: municipal action in housing improvement, a school health service, and equality of opportunity. Among her political successes were her co-option to the Birmingham education committee in 1919, and her services as a [[magistrate]] from 1926. Cadbury also fought the [[King's Norton (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Norton]] seat for the Liberals at the [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923 general election]] coming third but maintaining the Liberal share of the vote at 25%.<ref>Craig, F. W. S. Craig,(1969) ''British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949.''; Glasgow: Political Reference Publications,. Glasgowp. 1969 p8686.</ref>
 
In 1936, aged 78, she led the UK delegation to the [[International Council of Women|World Congress of the International Council of Women]], held in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="HM">Maiden, Helen. [https://historywm.com/file/historywm/e07-elizabeth-quaker-quaker-reformer-14971.pdf ''Elizabeth Cadbury Social Reformer'']. History West Midlands </ref>
 
== Garden City Movement ==
Cadbury was influential in the development of Bournville Village and was vice-president of the Ruskin Society of Birmingham (RSB).<ref name=":3" /> The founder of the [[Hampstead Garden Suburb]] in 1904, [[Henrietta Barnett]] was inspired by a visit to Cadbury at [[Bournville Village Trust|Bournville Village.]]<ref name=":0" />
 
==Manor Farm==
The family home was Wood Brooke in [[Selly Oak]], [[Birmingham]], until 1894, when they moved to Manor Farm, now [[Northfield Manor House|the Manor House]], Bristol Road, [[Northfield, Birmingham]]. They lived there together until George's death in 1922, and Elizabeth Cadbury resided there until her own death in 1951, aged 93. During the [[World War II]], she invited the [[Friends' Ambulance Unit]] to establish its training centre in the grounds. The grounds were also sometimes used for garden parties and other events in aid of worthy causes.
The family home was [[Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre|Woodbrooke]] in [[Selly Oak]], [[Birmingham]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], until 1903, when they moved to Manor Farm,<ref name="QW">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Mary Cadbury |url=https://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/277/Elizabeth-Mary-Cadbury |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Quakers in the World}}</ref> now [[Northfield Manor House|the Manor House]], Bristol Road, [[Northfield, Birmingham|Northfield]], Birmingham, West Midlands. Woodbrooke then became the [[Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre]].
 
Elizabeth and George lived at the Manor together until George's death in 1922, and Elizabeth resided there until her own death in 1951, aged 93.
In 1948, at the family gathering to celebrate her ninetieth birthday, there were 150 relatives. At her death, Elizabeth Cadbury was survived by, among others, 37 grandchildren and 49 great-grandchildren.▼
 
During [[World War II]], she invited the [[Friends' Ambulance Unit]] to establish its training centre in the grounds.<ref>Adams, Josephine. (2020) [https://www.friendsofmanorfarmpark.org.uk/fomfp/index.php/history/the-history-of-the-park/82-histories/178-the-friends-ambulance-unit ''Friends Ambulance Unit''] Friends of Manor Farm Park.</ref> The grounds were also sometimes used for garden parties and other events in aid of worthy causes.
 
▲In 1948, at the family gathering to celebrate her ninetieth90th birthday, there were 150 relatives. At her death in 1951,<ref name=":1" Elizabeth/> Cadbury was survived by, among others, 37 grandchildren and 49 great-grandchildren.
 
==Honours==
<ref>''Who was Who; OUP online December 2007''</ref>
* For her public service Elizabeth Cadbury was made an [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|OBE]] in 1918<ref name=":4" /> and a [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|DBE]] in 1934.<ref name=HM />
* The Belgian government honoured her in 1918 for her work with refugees, making her an officerOfficer of the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]], and she was decorated by Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians.
* The [[Red Cross]] organizations of [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] also made awards to her for her war work.<ref name=QW /><ref name=":5" />
* The [[University of Birmingham]] made her an honorary [[Master of Arts|MA]] in 1919 for her services to education and to the city.<ref name=QW />
* [[Dame Elizabeth Cadbury School]] in Birmingham is named in her honour. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dame Elizabeth Cadbury School |url=https://www.decschool.co.uk/about/|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref>
 
The ten medals that ElizabethDame Cadbury was awarded throughout her life are now held at the Cadbury Research Library, [[University of Birmingham]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UoB Calmview5: Search results |url=https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS938 |access-date=2021-06-21 June 2021 |website=calmview.bham.ac.ukUniversity of Birmingham}}</ref>
 
==References==
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==Sources==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101045784/|title=Dame Elizabeth Cadbury|last=Delamont|first=Sara|access-date=2009-06-03}}
 
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