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{{Short description|
{{About|Cornwall in the United Kingdom}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Cornouailles|Cornouaille}}
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# [[Isles of Scilly]] {{nowrap|(''sui generis'' unitary)}}
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'''Cornwall''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔːr|n|w|ɔː|l|,_|-|w|əl}};<ref>{{cite web |title=Meaning of Cornwall in English |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/cornwall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612161646/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Cornwall |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com}}</ref> {{
The county is rural, with an area of {{
Cornwall is the westernmost part of the [[South West Peninsula]], and the southernmost county within the United Kingdom. Its coastline is characterised by steep cliffs and, to the south, several [[ria]]s, including those at the mouths of the rivers [[River Fal|Fal]] and [[River Fowey|Fowey]]. It includes the southernmost point on [[Great Britain]], [[Lizard Point, Cornwall|Lizard Point]], and forms a large part of the [[Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty|Cornwall National Landscape]]. The national landscape also includes [[Bodmin Moor]], an upland outcrop of the [[Cornubian batholith]] granite formation. The county contains many short rivers; the longest is the [[River Tamar|Tamar]], which forms the border with Devon.
Cornwall had a minor Roman presence, and later formed part of the Brittonic kingdom of [[Dumnonia]]. From the 7th century, the [[Celtic Britons|Britons]] in the South West increasingly came into conflict with the expanding Anglo-Saxon kingdom of [[Wessex]], eventually being pushed west of the Tamar; by the [[Norman Conquest]] Cornwall was administered as part of England, though it retained its own culture. The remainder of the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Early modern period|Early Modern Period]] were relatively settled, with Cornwall developing its [[Tin mining in Britain|tin mining]] industry and becoming a [[Duchy of Cornwall|duchy]] in 1337. During the [[Industrial Revolution]], the tin and copper mines were expanded and then declined, with china clay extraction becoming a major industry. Railways were built, leading to a growth of tourism in the 20th century. The [[Cornish language]] became [[Extinct language|extinct]] as a living community language at the [[Last speaker of the Cornish language|end of the 18th century]], but is now being revived.
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[[File:Land's End, Cornwall, England.jpg|thumb|right| Cliffs at Land's End]]
The modern [[English language|English]] name "Cornwall" is a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] of two terms coming from two different language groups:
*"Corn-" originates from the [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] ''*
*"-wall" derives from {{lang|ang|[[Walhaz|wealh]]}}, an [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] in [[Old English]] meaning "foreigner", "slave" or "Brittonic-speaker" (as in [[Welsh person|Welsh]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Cornish History – Stone Age to Present Day |url=https://www.cornwalls.co.uk/history#:~:text=The%20name%20Cornwall%20is%20most,name%20of%20the%20country%20Wales. |website=www.cornwalls.co.uk |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
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In the first four centuries AD, during the time of [[Roman Britain|Roman dominance in Britain]], Cornwall was rather remote from the main centres of Romanization – the nearest being [[Isca Dumnoniorum]], modern-day [[Exeter]]. However, the Roman road system extended into Cornwall with four significant Roman sites based on forts:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parcero-Oubina |first1=Cesar |last2=Smart |first2=Chris |last3=Fonte |first3=João |date=2023-07-25 |title=Remote Sensing and GIS Modelling of Roman Roads in South West Britain |journal=Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=62–78 |doi=10.5334/jcaa.109 |issn=2514-8362 |doi-access=free |hdl=10261/338676 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Tregear near [[Nanstallon]] was discovered in the early 1970s, two others were found at [[Restormel Castle]], Lostwithiel in 2007, and a third fort near [[Calstock]] was also discovered early in 2007. In addition, a Roman-style villa was found at [[Illogan|Magor Farm]], Illogan in 1935. [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geographike Hyphegesis]]'' mentions four towns controlled by the [[Dumnonii]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ToposText |url=https://topostext.org/work/209#2.3.13 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=topostext.org}}</ref> three of which may have been in Cornwall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first=Keith |date=2022-01-01 |title=Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography: a Reassessment |url=https://www.academia.edu/4175080 |website=Academia.edu}}</ref> However, after 410 AD, Cornwall appears to have reverted to rule by Romano-Celtic chieftains of the [[Cornovii (Cornwall)|Cornovii]] tribe as part of the Brittonic kingdom of [[Dumnonia]] (which also included present-day Devonshire and the Scilly Isles), including the territory of one [[Mark of Cornwall|Marcus Cunomorus]], with at least one significant power base at [[Tintagel]] in the early 6th century.
Archaeology supports ecclesiastical, literary and legendary evidence for some relative economic stability and close cultural ties between the [[Sub-Roman Britain|sub-Roman]] [[Westcountry]], South Wales, Brittany, the Channel Islands, and Ireland through the fifth and sixth centuries.<ref>{{cite web
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===Coastal areas===
The north and south coasts have different characteristics. The north coast on the [[Celtic Sea]], part of the Atlantic Ocean, is more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature. The ''High Cliff'', between [[Boscastle]] and [[St Gennys]], is the highest sheer-drop cliff in Cornwall at {{convert|223|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southwestcoastpath.com/main/sections/index.cfm?fsa=dspSectionDetail&w_id=147 |title=The Official Guide to the South West Coast Path |publisher=Southwestcoastpath.com |access-date=25 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611114118/http://www.southwestcoastpath.com/main/sections/index.cfm?fsa=dspSectionDetail&w_id=147 |archive-date=11 June 2011 }}</ref> Beaches, which form an important part of the tourist industry, include [[Bude]], [[Polzeath]], [[Watergate Bay]], [[Perranporth]], [[Porthtowan]], [[Fistral Beach]], [[Newquay]], [[St Agnes, Cornwall|St Agnes]], [[St Ives, Cornwall|St Ives]], and on the south coast [[Gyllyngvase]] beach in [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] and the large beach at [[Praa Sands]] further to the south-west. There are two river estuaries on the north coast: [[Hayle Estuary]] and the estuary of the [[River Camel]], which provides [[Padstow]] and [[Rock, Cornwall|Rock]] with a safe harbour. The seaside town of [[Newlyn]] is a popular holiday destination, as it is one of the last remaining traditional Cornish fishing ports, with views reaching over Mount's Bay.
[[File:St-Michael Mount.jpg|thumb|right|[[St Michael's Mount]] in Marazion]]
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{{See also|List of settlements in Cornwall by population|Transport in Cornwall}}
[[File:Truro stmarysst.jpg|thumb|right|[[Truro]], Cornwall's administrative centre and only city.]]
Cornwall's only city, and the home of the [[Cornwall Council|council headquarters]], is Truro. Nearby [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] is notable as a port. [[St Just in Penwith]] is the westernmost town in England, though the same claim has been made for [[Penzance]], which is larger. [[St Ives, Cornwall|St Ives]] and [[Padstow]] are today small vessel ports with a major tourism and leisure sector in their economies. [[Newquay]] on the north coast is another major urban settlement which is known for its beaches and is a popular surfing destination, as is [[Bude]] further north, but Newquay is now also becoming important for its aviation-related industries. [[Camborne]] is the county's largest town and more populous than the
Cornwall borders the county of [[Devon]] at the River Tamar. Major roads between Cornwall and the rest of Great Britain are the [[A38 road|A38]] which crosses the Tamar at [[Plymouth]] via the [[Tamar Bridge]] and the town of [[Saltash]], the [[A39 road]] (Atlantic Highway) from [[Barnstaple]], passing through [[North Cornwall]] to end in Falmouth, and the [[A30 road|A30]] which connects Cornwall to the [[M5 motorway]] at [[Exeter]], crosses the border south of [[Launceston, England|Launceston]], crosses Bodmin Moor and connects Bodmin, Truro, Redruth, Camborne, Hayle and Penzance. [[Torpoint Ferry]] links Plymouth with [[Torpoint]] on the opposite side of the [[Hamoaze]]. A rail bridge, the [[Royal Albert Bridge]] built by [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] (1859), provides the other main land transport link. The city of Plymouth, a large urban centre in south west Devon, is an important location for services such as hospitals, department stores, road and rail transport, and cultural venues, particularly for people living in east Cornwall.
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===Climate===
{{Main|Geography of Cornwall#Climate}}
Cornwall has a [[temperate]] [[Oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb''), with mild winters and cool summers. Cornwall has the mildest and one of the sunniest climates of the United Kingdom, as a result of its oceanic setting and the influence of the [[Gulf Stream]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif |title=UK climate information |publisher=Met Office |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304032708/http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif |archive-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> The average annual temperature in Cornwall ranges from {{
Cornwall is one of the sunniest areas in the UK. It has more than 1,541 hours of sunshine per year, with the highest average of 7.6 hours of sunshine per day in July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif |title=UK climate information |publisher=Met Office |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304032747/http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif |archive-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> The moist, mild air coming from the southwest brings higher amounts of rainfall than in eastern Great Britain, at {{
==Culture==
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[[Colin Wilson]], a prolific writer who is best known for his debut work ''[[The Outsider (Colin Wilson)|The Outsider]]'' (1956) and for ''[[The Mind Parasites]]'' (1967), lived in [[Gorran Haven]], a small village on the southern Cornish coast. The writer [[D. M. Thomas]] was born in Redruth but lived and worked in Australia and the United States before returning to his native Cornwall. He has written novels, poetry, and other works, including translations from Russian.
[[Thomas Hardy]]'s drama ''[[The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall|The Queen of Cornwall]]'' (1923) is a version of the Tristan story; the second act of [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]'' takes place in Cornwall, as do [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'s operettas ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'' and ''[[Ruddigore]]''.
[[Clara Vyvyan]] was the author of various books about many aspects of Cornish life such as ''Our Cornwall''. She once wrote: "The Loneliness of Cornwall is a loneliness unchanged by the presence of men, its freedoms a freedom inexpressible by description or epitaph. Your cannot say Cornwall is this or that. Your cannot describe it in a word or visualise it in a second. You may know the country from east to west and sea to sea, but if you close your eyes and think about it no clear-cut image rises before you. In this quality of changefulness have we possibly surprised the secret of Cornwall's wild spirit—in this intimacy the essence of its charm? Cornwall!".<ref>Quoted in Croxford, Bob (1993) ''From Cornwall with Love''. Mullion: Atmosphere; p. 22</ref>
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[[File:New County Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Cornwall Council]]'s headquarters in [[Truro]]]]
[[File:CornwallConstituencies2010.gif|thumb|From the 2010 general election, Cornwall has had six parliamentary constituencies.]]
The [[ceremonial county]] of Cornwall
The [[2009 Cornwall Council election|first elections]] for the unitary authority were held on 4 June 2009. At the [[2021 Cornwall Council election|most recent council election in 2021]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] won 47 of the 87 seats. Also elected were 16 [[independent politician|independent]] councillors, 13 [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], five from the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], five from [[Mebyon Kernow]] and one [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] representative. Before the creation of the unitary council, the former county council had 82 seats, the majority of which were held by the Liberal Democrats, elected at the [[2005 United Kingdom local elections|2005 county council elections]]. The six former districts had a total of 249 council seats, and the groups with greatest numbers of councillors were Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Independents.▼
▲Before reorganisation on 1 April 2009, council functions throughout the rest of Cornwall were organised in two tiers, with [[Cornwall County Council]] and district councils for its six districts, [[Caradon]], [[Carrick, Cornwall|Carrick]], [[Kerrier]], [[North Cornwall]], [[Penwith]], and [[Restormel]]. While projected to streamline services, cut red tape and save around £17 million a year, the reorganisation was met with wide opposition, with a poll in 2008 showing 89% disapproval from Cornish residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=37570 |title=One Cornwall – A unified council for Cornwall |publisher=Cornwall County Council |access-date=22 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501144913/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=37570 |archive-date=1 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.onecornwall.cornwall.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=44400] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011004253/http://www.onecornwall.cornwall.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=44400|date=11 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| publisher = BBC| title = Cornwall super-council go-ahead| date = 25 July 2007| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6914947.stm| access-date = 25 July 2007| archive-date = 19 May 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090519214839/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6914947.stm| url-status = live}}</ref>
▲Before the creation of the unitary council, the former county council had 82 seats, the majority of which were held by the Liberal Democrats, elected at the [[2005 United Kingdom local elections|2005 county council elections]]. The six former districts had a total of 249 council seats, and the groups with greatest numbers of councillors were Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Independents.
===Parliament and national politics===
{{Main|List of parliamentary constituencies in Cornwall}}
Until 1832, Cornwall
Although Cornwall does not have a designated government department, in 2007 while [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] David Cameron created a
▲Until 1832, Cornwall had 44 MPs—more than any other county—reflecting the importance of tin to the Crown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba31/ba31regs.html |title=British Archaeology, no 30, December 1997: Letters |publisher=Britarch.ac.uk |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=13 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213215034/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba31/ba31regs.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the increase in numbers of MPs came between 1529 and 1584 after which there was no change until 1832.<ref>[[A. L. Rowse|Rowse, A. L.]] (1941) ''Tudor Cornwall''. London: Cape; pp. 91–94</ref>
{{election table|title=UK general election results in Cornwall}}
▲Although Cornwall does not have a designated government department, in 2007 while [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] David Cameron created a [[Secretary of State for Cornwall|Shadow Secretary of State for Cornwall]]. The position was not made into a formal UK Cabinet position when Cameron entered government following the [[2010 United Kingdom general election]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7948984.stm|title='Fictional minister' prompts row|date=17 March 2009|via=BBC News }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=text-align:left; | Party
! colspan=5 | Votes (%)
|-
! 2010
! 2015
! 2017
! 2019
! 2024
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| 24,257 ''(8.6%)''
| 36,235 ''(12.3%)''
| 83,968 ''(26.7%)''
| 74,392 ''(23.1%)''
| '''77,517''' '''''(26.3%)'''''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| 115,016 ''(40.9%)''
| '''127,079''' '''''(43.1%)'''''
| '''152,428''' '''''(48.4%)'''''
| '''173,117''' '''''(53.7%)'''''
| 76,817 ''(26.1%)''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]]
| '''117,307''' '''''(41.8%)'''''
| 66,056 ''(22.4%)''
| 73,875 ''(23.5%)''
| 62,169 ''(19.3%)''
| 73,691 ''(25.0%)''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Reform UK}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Reform UK|Reform]]
|{{Tooltip|n/a|Did not yet exist}}
|{{Tooltip|n/a|Did not yet exist}}
|{{Tooltip|n/a|Did not yet exist}}
|{{Tooltip|n/a|Did not stand}}
| 48,574 ''(16.5%)''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Green Party of England and Wales}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green]]
| 3,573 ''(1.3%)''
| 17,241 ''(5.8%)''
| 3,218 ''(1.0%)''
| 7,139 ''(2.2%)''
| 13,778 ''(4.7%)''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|UKIP}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[UKIP]]
| 13,763 ''(4.9%)''
| 40,785 ''(13.8%)''
| 897 ''(0.3%)''
| {{Tooltip|n/a|Did not stand}}
| 111 ''(0.0%)''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:#e9e9e9"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Others
| 6,965 ''(2.5%)''
| 7,432 ''(2.5%)''
| 323 ''(0.1%)''
| 5,262 ''(1.6%)''
| 3,740 ''(1.3%)''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Total
! 280,881
! 294,828
! 314,709
! 322,079
! 294,228
|}
===Devolution movement===
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Mining of tin and copper was also an industry, but today the derelict mine workings survive only as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215 |title=Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802132748/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Camborne School of Mines]], which was relocated to [[Penryn Campus|Penryn]] in 2004, is still a world centre of excellence in the field of mining and applied geology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uec.ac.uk/csm/ |title=The University of Exeter – Cornwall Campus – Camborne School of Mines |publisher=Uec.ac.uk |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704023815/http://www.uec.ac.uk/csm/ |archive-date=4 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the grant of World Heritage status has attracted funding for conservation and heritage tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/ |title=Home |publisher=Cornish-mining.org.uk |date=14 September 2010 |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419164032/http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kaolinite|China clay]] extraction has also been an important industry in the St Austell area, but this sector has been in decline, and this, coupled with increased mechanisation, has led to a decrease in employment in this sector, although the industry still employs around 2,133 people in Cornwall, and generates over £80 million to the local economy.<ref>Imerys Minerals Ltd (2003) ''Blueprint: Vision for the Future''</ref>
In March 2016, a Canadian company, Strongbow Exploration, had acquired, from administration, a 100% interest in the [[South Crofty]] tin mine and the associated mineral rights in Cornwall with the aim of reopening the mine and bringing it back to full production.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/strongbow-to-acquire-the-south-crofty-tin-project-cornwall-uk-tsx-venture-sbw-2107042.htm | title=Error | date=17 March 2016 | access-date=14 August 2019 | archive-date=21 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143646/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/strongbow-to-acquire-the-south-crofty-tin-project-cornwall-uk-tsx-venture-sbw-2107042.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Work is currently ongoing to build a water filtration plant in order to dewater the mine.
===Internet===
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[[Category:Counties of England established in antiquity]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Proposed countries]]
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