Progestogen (medication): Difference between revisions

A variety of progestins have been studied for use as potential [[male contraceptive|male hormonal contraceptive]]s in combination with [[androgen]]s in men.<ref name="pmid20933120">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nieschlag E | title = Clinical trials in male hormonal contraception | journal = Contraception | volume = 82 | issue = 5 | pages = 457–70 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20933120 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.020 | url = http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/10172.pdf}}</ref> These include the [[pregnane]]s [[medroxyprogesterone acetate]], [[megestrol acetate]], and [[cyproterone acetate]], the [[norpregnane]] [[segesterone acetate]], and the [[estrane]]s [[norethisterone acetate]], [[norethisterone enanthate]], [[levonorgestrel]], [[levonorgestrel butanoate]], [[desogestrel]], and [[etonogestrel]].<ref name="pmid20933120" /><ref name="CoutifarisMastroianni1997">{{cite book|author1=C. Coutifaris|author2=L. Mastroianni|title=New Horizons in Reproductive Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmokq_M-gm8C&pg=PA101|date=15 August 1997|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-85070-793-6|pages=101–}}</ref><ref name="Singh2015">{{cite book|author=Shio Kumar Singh|title=Mammalian Endocrinology and Male Reproductive Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-KYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|date=4 September 2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4987-2736-5|pages=270–}}</ref><ref name="Frick1973">{{cite journal|last1=Frick|first1=J.|title=Control of spermatogenesis in men by combined administration of progestin and androgen|journal=Contraception|volume=8|issue=3|year=1973|pages=191–206|issn=0010-7824|doi=10.1016/0010-7824(73)90030-9}}</ref> The androgens that have been used in combination with these progestins include [[testosterone (medication)|testosterone]], [[testosterone ester]]s, [[androstanolone]] (dihydrotestosterone), and [[nandrolone ester]]s.<ref name="pmid20933120" /> Dual androgens and progestogens such as [[trestolone]] and [[dimethandrolone undecanoate]] have also been developed and studied as male contraceptives.<ref name="pmid23063338">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nieschlag E, Kumar N, Sitruk-Ware R | title = 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENTR): the population council's contribution to research on male contraception and treatment of hypogonadism | journal = Contraception | volume = 87 | issue = 3 | pages = 288–95 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23063338 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.036}}</ref><ref name="pmid16497801">{{cite journal | vauthors = Attardi BJ, Hild SA, Reel JR | title = Dimethandrolone undecanoate: a new potent orally active androgen with progestational activity | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 147 | issue = 6 | pages = 3016–26 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16497801 | doi = 10.1210/en.2005-1524 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Doses of progestins used in male hormonal contraception have been noted to be in the range of 5 to 12{{nbsp}}times the doses used in women.<ref name="pmid6415998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Foegh M | title = Evaluation of steroids as contraceptives in men | journal = Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) | volume = 260 | issue = | pages = 3–48 | date = 1983 | pmid = 6415998 | doi = 10.1530/acta.0.104S009 | url = }}</ref>