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Growth factors initiate [[signal transduction]] pathways, which lead to activation of [[transcription factors]]. Growth factors elicit different outcomes depending on the combination of factors and the cell's stage of differentiation. For example, long-term expression of [[PU.1]] results in myeloid commitment, and short-term induction of PU.1 activity leads to the formation of immature eosinophils.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Engel|first=I|author2=Murre, C|date=Oct 1999|title=Transcription factors in hematopoiesis.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X99000088|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|volume=9|issue=5|pages=575–9|doi=10.1016/s0959-437x(99)00008-8|pmid=10508690|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Recently, it was reported that transcription factors such as [[NF-κB]] can be regulated by [[microRNA]]s (e.g., miR-125b) in haematopoiesis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O’Connell|first=R|author2=Rao, D.|author3=Baltimore, D|year=2012|title=microRNA Regulation of Inflammatory Responses|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=30|pages=295–312|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075013|pmid=22224773|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The first key player of differentiation from HSC to a multipotent progenitor (MPP) is transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer binding protein α ([[C/EBP]]α). Mutations in C/EBPα are associated with [[acute myeloid leukaemia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ho|first=PA |author2=Alonzo, TA |author3=Gerbing, RB |author4=Pollard, J |author5=Stirewalt, DL |author6=Hurwitz, C |author7=Heerema, NA |author8=Hirsch, B |author9=Raimondi, SC |author10=Lange, B |author11=Franklin, JL |author12=Radich, JP |author13=Meshinchi, S|title=Prevalence and prognostic implications of CEBPA mutations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a report from the Children's Oncology Group.|journal=Blood|date=Jun 25, 2009|volume=113|issue=26|pages=6558–66|pmid=19304957|doi=10.1182/blood-2008-10-184747|pmc=2943755}}</ref> From this point, cells can either differentiate along the Erythroid-megakaryocyte lineage or lymphoid and myeloid lineage, which have common progenitor, called lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor. There are two main transcription factors. PU.1 for Erythroid-megakaryocyte lineage and [[GATA-1]], which leads to a lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor.<ref>{{Cite journal |
Other transcription factors include Ikaros<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Elizabeth C.|last2=Cobb|first2=Bradley S.|last3=Sabbattini|first3=Pierangela|last4=Meixlsperger|first4=Sonja|last5=Parelho|first5=Vania|last6=Liberg|first6=David|last7=Taylor|first7=Benjamin|last8=Dillon|first8=Niall|last9=Georgopoulos|first9=Katia|date=2007-03-01|title=Ikaros DNA-binding proteins as integral components of B cell developmental-stage-specific regulatory circuits|journal=Immunity|volume=26|issue=3|pages=335–344|doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2007.02.010|issn=1074-7613|pmid=17363301|doi-access=free}}</ref> ([[B cell]] development), and [[GFI1|Gfi1]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Suzuki|first1=Junpei|last2=Maruyama|first2=Saho|last3=Tamauchi|first3=Hidekazu|last4=Kuwahara|first4=Makoto|last5=Horiuchi|first5=Mika|last6=Mizuki|first6=Masumi|last7=Ochi|first7=Mizuki|last8=Sawasaki|first8=Tatsuya|last9=Zhu|first9=Jinfang|date=2016-04-01|title=Gfi1, a transcriptional repressor, inhibits the induction of the T helper type 1 programme in activated CD4 T cells|journal=Immunology|volume=147|issue=4|pages=476–487|doi=10.1111/imm.12580|issn=1365-2567|pmid=26749286|pmc=4799889}}</ref> (promotes [[T helper cell|Th2]] development and inhibits Th1) or [[IRF8]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sasaki|first1=Haruka|last2=Kurotaki|first2=Daisuke|last3=Tamura|first3=Tomohiko|date=2016-04-01|title=Regulation of basophil and mast cell development by transcription factors|journal=Allergology International|volume=65|issue=2|pages=127–134|doi=10.1016/j.alit.2016.01.006|issn=1440-1592|pmid=26972050|doi-access=free}}</ref> ([[Basophil granulocyte|basophils]] and [[mast cell]]s). Significantly, certain factors elicit different responses at different stages in the haematopoiesis. For example, CEBPα in neutrophil development or [[SPI1|PU.1]] in monocytes and dendritic cell development. It is important to note that processes are not unidirectional: differentiated cells may regain attributes of progenitor cells.<ref name=":0" />
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