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=== Steer by wire ===
[[File:Show case of Uniti steer-by-wire system at the 2016 CeBit.jpg|thumb|European Commissioner [[Günther Oettinger]] trying [http://www.uniti.earth/ Uniti] steer-by-wire system at the 2016 [[CeBIT|CeBit]] Edition.]]
A vehicle equipped with a steer-by-wire system is able to steer without a [[steering column]]; this is in contrast to [[electric power steering]] or power-assist which still relies on the steering column, but aids the driver in turning it.<ref name="RnT-sbw-Toyota">{{citation |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a43350167/toyota-steer-by-wire/ |title=How Toyota Is Making the Case for Steer-By-Wire |author=Chris Perkins |date=March 17, 2023 |website=Road & Track}}</ref>
A car equipped with a steer-by-wire system is able to steer without a [[steering column]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saha.suvankar.tripod.com/id5.html|title=Steer By Wire|access-date=2013-12-19|archive-date=2013-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220085205/http://saha.suvankar.tripod.com/id5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The control of the wheels' direction will be established through electric motors which are actuated by [[Electronic control unit|ECU]]s monitoring the steering wheel inputs from the driver.<ref name="Q50Wired">{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/05/al-drivebywire/|title=Take a Look Inside the First Steer-by-Wire Car|first=Matt|last=Jancer|access-date=2017-03-06|archive-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316025422/http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/05/al_drivebywire|url-status=live}}</ref> Rear-axle-only steer-by-wire may be couple with traditional front wheel steering for conditional four-wheel steering, reducing turning radius at low speeds and adding stability at high speeds.<ref name="DrivingLineQuadrasteer">{{citation |url=https://www.drivingline.com/articles/why-did-gms-excellent-quadrasteer-full-size-pickup-four-wheel-steering-system-simply-disappear/ |title=Why Did GM's Excellent Quadrasteer Full-Size Pickup Four-Wheel Steering System Simply Disappear? |date=January 5, 2021 |author=Benjamin Hunting |website=DrivingLine}}</ref>▼
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[[Quadrasteer]] was a rear-axle-only steer-by-wire system couple with traditional front steering. It was developed by Delphi and offered starting 2002 on some [[General Motors]] trucks. Despite favorable reception the system was discontinued in 2005 due to poor market penetration of only 17 percent, partially due to lack of familiarity with the system and partially due to its $1000 mark-up.<ref name="DrivingLineQuadrasteer" />
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