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{{Blockquote|If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. But her Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see his own weakness.<ref>Haigh, 145.</ref>}}
Though some historians have criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds,{{Efn|For example, C. H. Wilson castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain.<ref name="Haigh, 183">Haigh, 183.</ref>}} Raleigh's verdict has more often{{According to whom|date=February 2024}} been judged unfair. Elizabeth had good reason not to place too much trust in her commanders, who once in action tended, as she put it herself, "to be transported with an haviour of vainglory".<ref>Somerset, 655.</ref>
In 1589, the year after the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth sent to Spain the ''[[English Armada]]'' or ''Counter Armada'' with 23,375 men and 150 ships, led by Francis Drake as admiral and [[John Norris (soldier)|John Norreys]] as general. The English fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat with 11,000–15,000 killed, wounded or died of disease<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bucholz |first1=R. O. |title=Early modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history |last2=Key |first2=Newton |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-6275-3 |page=145}}.</ref><ref>Hampden, John ''Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents'' (Taylor & Francis, 1972). {{ISBN|978-0-8173-5703-0}}, 254.</ref><ref name="Fernández Duro 1972 p.51">Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). ''Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón.'' Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Tomo III, Capítulo III. Madrid, p. 51.</ref> and 40 ships sunk or captured.<ref name="Fernández Duro 1972 p.51"/> The advantage England had won upon the destruction of the Spanish Armada was lost, and the Spanish victory marked a revival of Philip II's naval power through the next decade.<ref>Elliott, J. H. ''La Europa dividida (1559–1598)'' (Editorial Critica, 2002). {{ISBN|978-8-4843-2669-4}}, 333.</ref>
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