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{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Spinosaurids
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]]–[[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|earliest=152.1|139|93|latest=85}} Possible [[Santonian]] record,<ref name="barkeretal2021"/><ref name="Honeetal.2010" /> but see.<ref name="Kubotaetal2017"/> Possible [[Middle Jurassic]] record.<ref name="Sharma2023">{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=A.|last2=Novas|first2=Fernando E.
| image = Spinosauridae Diversity.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
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The first spinosaurid [[fossil]], a single conical tooth, was discovered circa 1820 by British [[paleontologist]] [[Gideon Mantell]] in the [[Wadhurst Clay Formation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mantell |first1=Gideon Algernon |title=The fossils of the South Downs or, Illustrations of the geology of Sussex. |date=1822 |publisher=L. Relfe |oclc=754552732 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.44924 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97604 }}{{page needed|date=April 2022}}</ref> In [[1841 in paleontology|1841]], naturalist [[Sir Richard Owen]] mistakenly assigned it to a [[crocodilia]]n he named ''[[Suchosaurus]]'' (meaning "crocodile lizard").<ref name="owen1841">Owen, R. (1840–1845). ''Odontography''. London: Hippolyte Baillière, 655 pp, 1–32</ref><ref>Owen, R., 1842, ''Report on British fossil reptiles. Part II''. Reports of the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 11, pp 61-204</ref> A second species, ''S. girardi'', was later named in [[1897 in paleontology|1897]].<ref name="sauvage1897">Sauvage, H. E. (1897–1898). ''Vertébrés fossiles du Portugal. Contribution à l’étude des poissons et des reptiles du Jurassique et du Crétacique.'' Lisbonne: Direction des Travaux géologiques du Portugal, 46p</ref> However, the spinosaurid nature of ''Suchosaurus'' was not recognized until a 1998 redescription of ''[[Baryonyx]].''<ref>Milner, A., 2003, "Fish-eating theropods: A short review of the systematics, biology and palaeobiogeography of spinosaurs". In: Huerta Hurtado and Torcida Fernandez-Baldor (eds.). ''Actas de las II Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologýa de Dinosaurios y su Entorno (2001)''. pp 129-138</ref>
The first fossils referred to a spinosaurid were discovered in 1912 at the [[Bahariya Formation]] in Egypt. Consisting of [[Glossary of dinosaur anatomy#vertebrae|vertebrae]], skull fragments, and teeth, these remains became the [[holotype specimen]] of the new genus and species ''Spinosaurus aegyptiacus'' in [[1915 in paleontology|1915]], when they were described by German paleontologist [[Ernst Stromer]]. The dinosaur's name meant "Egyptian spine lizard", in reference to the unusually long neural spines not seen previously in any other theropod. In April 1944, the holotype of ''S. aegyptiacus'' was destroyed during an allied bombing raid in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Joshua B. |last2=Lamanna |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Mayr |first3=Helmut |last4=Lacovara |first4=Kenneth J. |title=New Information Regarding the Holotype of Spinosaurus Aegyptiacus Stromer, 1915 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=March 2006 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=400–406 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0400:NIRTHO]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=130989487 }}</ref><ref name=Hone2017>{{cite journal |last1=Hone |first1=David William Elliott |last2=Holtz |first2=Thomas Richard |title=A Century of Spinosaurs - A Review and Revision of the Spinosauridae with Comments on Their Ecology |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |date=June 2017 |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=1120–1132 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.13328 |bibcode=2017AcGlS..91.1120H |s2cid=90952478 |url=http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/49404 }}</ref> In 1934, Stromer referred a partial skeleton also from the Bahariya Formation to a new species of ''Spinosaurus;''<ref name="stromer34">{{cite journal|last=Stromer|first=E.|author-link=Ernst Stromer|year=1934|title=Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 13. Dinosauria|journal=Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung |series=Neue Folge|language=de|volume=22|pages=1–79}}</ref> the specimen has since been alternatively assigned to another African spinosaurid, ''[[Sigilmassasaurus]].''<ref name="Evers-2015">{{cite journal |last1=Evers |first1=Serjoscha W. |last2=Rauhut |first2=Oliver W.M. |last3=Milner |first3=Angela C. |last4=McFeeters |first4=Bradley |last5=Allain |first5=Ronan |title=A reappraisal of the morphology and systematic position of the theropod dinosaur Sigilmassasaurus from the 'middle' Cretaceous of Morocco |journal=PeerJ |date=20 October 2015 |volume=3 |pages=e1323 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1323 |pmid=26500829 |pmc=4614847 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 1983, a relatively complete skeleton was excavated from the Smokejacks pit in [[Surrey]], [[England]]. These remains were described by British paleontologists [[Alan J. Charig]] and [[Angela C. Milner]] in [[1986 in paleontology|1986]] as the holotype of a new species, ''Baryonyx walkeri.'' After the discovery of ''Baryonyx,'' many new genera have since been described, with the majority from very incomplete remains. However, other finds bear enough fossil material and distinct anatomical features to be assigned with confidence. [[Paul Sereno]] and colleagues described ''[[Suchomimus]]'' in 1998'','' a [[Baryonychinae|baryonychine]] from [[Niger]], on the basis of a partial skeleton found in 1997. In 2004, partial jaw bones were recovered from the [[Alcântara Formation]], these were referred to a new genus of spinosaurine named ''[[Oxalaia]]'' in [[2011 in paleontology|2011]] by [[Alexander Kellner]].<ref name=Hone2017/>
On 2021 a recent discovery in [[Isle of Wight]] an island off the south coast of England, remains of a spinosaurid which is said to be of a new species is found. As per the findings, it is about 10 meters in length and weighed several tons. The prehistoric bones of the spinosaurid were found in a geological layer of rock known as the [[Vectis Formation]] in Compton Chine, it is the first identifiable theropod from the Vectis Formation. The study was led by Christopher Barker, a PhD doctoral student in vertebrate paleontology at the [[University of Southampton]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sana Noor Haq |title=Scientists unearth remains of one of Europe's biggest predatory dinosaurs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/09/europe/spinosaurid-dinosaur-europe-intl-scn-scli/index.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=CNN|date=9 June 2022 }}</ref>
==Description==
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Several theories have been proposed about the [[biogeography]] of the spinosaurids. Since ''Suchomimus'' was more closely related to ''Baryonyx'' (from Europe) than to ''Spinosaurus''—although that genus also lived in Africa—the distribution of spinosaurids cannot be explained as [[vicariance]] resulting from [[continental rifting]].<ref name=Sereno1998/> Sereno and colleagues<ref name=Sereno1998/> proposed that spinosaurids were initially distributed across the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangea]], but split with the opening of the [[Tethys Sea]]. Spinosaurines would then have evolved in the south (Africa and South America: in [[Gondwana]]) and baryonychines in the north (Europe: in [[Laurasia]]), with ''Suchomimus'' the result of a single north-to-south [[dispersal event]].<ref name=Sereno1998/> Buffetaut and the Tunisian palaeontologist Mohamed Ouaja also suggested in 2002 that baryonychines could be the ancestors of spinosaurines, which appear to have replaced the former in Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 173 | pages = 415–421 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.2113/173.5.415 | last1 = Buffetaut | journal = Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France | first1 = E. | title = A new specimen of ''Spinosaurus'' (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tunisia, with remarks on the evolutionary history of the Spinosauridae | last2 = Ouaja | first2 = M. | s2cid = 53519187 | issue = 5| hdl = 2042/216 | url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/14728/files/PAL_E1854.pdf }}</ref> Milner suggested in 2003 that spinosaurids originated in Laurasia during the Jurassic, and dispersed via the Iberian [[land bridge]] into Gondwana, where they [[Evolutionary radiation|radiated]].<ref name="Milner 2003">{{cite journal |last=Milner |first=A. C. |year=2003 |title=Fish-eating theropods: A short review of the systematics, biology and palaeobiogeography of spinosaurs |journal=Actas de las II Jornadas Internacionales Sobre Paleontologýa de Dinosaurios y Su Entorno |pages=129–138}}</ref> In 2007, Buffetaut pointed out that [[palaeogeographical]] studies had demonstrated that Iberia was near northern Africa during the Early Cretaceous, which he found to confirm Milner's idea that the Iberian region was a [[Island hopping|stepping stone]] between Europe and Africa, which is supported by the presence of baryonychines in Iberia. The direction of the dispersal between Europe and Africa is still unknown,<ref name="buffetaut2007">{{cite journal |last1=Buffetaut |first1=E. |year=2007 |title=The spinosaurid dinosaur ''Baryonyx'' (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of Portugal |journal=Geological Magazine |volume=144 |issue=6 |pages=1021–1025 |bibcode=2007GeoM..144.1021B |doi=10.1017/S0016756807003883 |s2cid=130212901|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13845/files/PAL_E769.pdf }}</ref> and subsequent discoveries of spinosaurid remains in Asia and possibly Australia indicate that it may have been complex.<ref name="Mateus 2011"/>
In 2016, the Spanish palaeontologist Alejandro Serrano-Martínez and colleagues reported the oldest known spinosaurid fossil, a tooth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger, which they found to suggest that spinosaurids originated in Gondwana, since other known Jurassic spinosaurid teeth are also from Africa, but they found the subsequent dispersal routes unclear.<ref name="JurassicTeeth"/> Some later studies instead suggested this tooth belonged to a [[Megalosauridae|megalosaurid]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hendrickx|first1=Christophe|last2=Mateus|first2=O.|last3=Araújo|first3=R.|last4=Choiniere|first4=J.|date=2019|title=The distribution of dental features in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: Taxonomic potential, degree of homoplasy, and major evolutionary trends|url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2806-dental-features-in-theropods|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|volume=22|issue=3|pages=1–110|doi=10.26879/820| s2cid=213164229 |issn=1094-8074|hdl=11336/146011|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Soto|first1=M.|last2=Toriño|first2=P.|last3=Perea|first3=D.|date=2020|title=''Ceratosaurus'' (Theropoda, Ceratosauria) teeth from the Tacuarembó Formation (Late Jurassic, Uruguay)|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JSAES.10302781S|journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences|volume=103|pages=102781|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102781|bibcode=2020JSAES.10302781S|s2cid=224842133|issn=0895-9811}}</ref> Candeiro and colleagues suggested in 2017 that spinosaurids of northern Gondwana were replaced by other predators, such as [[abelisauroids]], since no definite spinosaurid fossils are known from after the Cenomanian anywhere in the world. They attributed the disappearance of spinosaurids and other shifts in the fauna of Gondwana to changes in the environment, perhaps caused by [[Marine transgression|transgressions in sea level]].<ref name="Biogeography">{{cite journal|last1=Candeiro|first1=C. R. A.|last2=Brusatte|first2=S. L.|last3=Souza|first3=A. L.|title=Spinosaurid Dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of North Africa and Europe: Fossil Record, Biogeography and Extinction|journal=Anuário do Instituto de Geociências|date=2017|volume=40|issue=3|pages=294–302|doi=10.11137/2017_3_294_302|doi-access=free}}</ref> Malafaia and colleagues stated in 2020 that ''Baryonyx'' remains the oldest unquestionable spinosaurid, while acknowledging that older remains had also been tentatively assigned to the group.<ref name="Malafaia2020">{{cite journal |last1=Malafaia |first1=E. |last2=Gasulla |first2=J. M. |last3=Escaso |first3=F. |last4=Narvaéz |first4=I. |last5=Ortega |first5=F. |title=An update of the spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) fossil record from the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula: distribution, diversity, and evolutionary history |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |date=2020 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=431–444 |doi=10.1007/s41513-020-00138-9|bibcode=2020JIbG...46..431M |s2cid=222149842 }}</ref> Barker and colleagues found support for a European origin for spinosaurids in 2021, with an expansion to Asia and Gondwana during the first half of the Early Cretaceous. In contrast to Sereno, these authors suggested there had been at least two dispersal events from Europe to Africa, leading to ''Suchomimus'' and the African part of Spinosaurinae.<ref name="NewSpinosaurids">{{cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=C. T. |last2=Hone |first2=D. W. E. |last3=Naish |first3=D. |last4=Cau |first4=A. |last5=Lockwood |first5=J. A. F. |last6=Foster |first6=B. |last7=Clarkin |first7=C. E. |last8=Schneider |first8=P. |last9=Gostling |first9=N. J. |title=New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=19340 | pmid=34588472| doi=10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8|pmc=8481559|bibcode=2021NatSR..1119340B }}</ref>
==Paleobiology==
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=== Habitat preference ===
A 2010 publication by Romain Amiot and colleagues found that [[isotopes of oxygen|oxygen isotope]] ratios of spinosaurid bones indicates semiaquatic lifestyles. Isotope ratios from teeth from ''Baryonyx'', ''Irritator'', ''Siamosaurus'', and ''Spinosaurus'' were compared with isotopic compositions from contemporaneous theropods, turtles, and crocodilians. The study found that, among theropods, spinosaurid isotope ratios were closer to those of turtles and crocodilians. ''Siamosaurus'' specimens tended to have the largest difference from the ratios of other theropods, and ''Spinosaurus'' tended to have the least difference. The authors concluded that spinosaurids, like modern crocodilians and hippopotamuses, spent much of their daily lives in water. The authors also suggested that semiaquatic habits and piscivory in spinosaurids can explain how spinosaurids coexisted with other large theropods: by feeding on different prey items and living in different habitats, the different types of theropods would have been out of direct competition.<ref name="RMetal10">{{cite journal|last1=Amiot|first1=R.|last2=Buffetaut|first2=E.|last3=Lécuyer|first3=C.|last4=Wang|first4=X.|last5=Boudad|first5=L.|last6=Ding|first6=Z.|last7=Fourel|first7=F.|last8=Hutt|first8=S.|last9=Martineau|first9=F.|last10=Medeiros|first10=A.|last11=Mo|first11=J.|year=2010|title=Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among spinosaurid theropods|journal=Geology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=139–142|bibcode=2010Geo....38..139A|doi=10.1130/G30402.1|last12=Simon|first12=L.|last13=Suteethorn|first13=V.|last14=Sweetman|first14=S.|last15=Tong|first15=H.|last16=Zhang|first16=F.|last17=Zhou|first17=Z.}}</ref>
In 2018, an analysis was conducted on the partial [[Glossary of dinosaur anatomy#tibia|tibia]] of an indeterminate spinosaurine from the early [[Albian]], the bone was from a sub-adult between 7 and 13 m (22 and 42 ft) in length still growing moderately fast before its death. This specimen (LPP-PV-0042) was found in the [[Araripe Basin]] of Brazil and taken to the [[University of San Carlos]] for a [[CT scan|CT Scan]], where it revealed [[osteosclerosis]] (high bone density).<ref name="Aureliano Ghilardi Buck et al 2018"/> This condition had previously only been observed in ''Spinosaurus,'' as a possible way of controlling its buoyancy.<ref name="Spinosaurus 2014" /> The presence of this condition on the leg fragment showed that semi-aquatic adaptations in spinosaurids were already present at least 10 million years before ''Spinosaurus aegyptiacus'' appeared. According to the [[phylogenetic bracketing]] method, this high bone density might have been present in all spinosaurines.<ref name="Aureliano Ghilardi Buck et al 2018"/> In 2020, a scientific paper by paleontologists published in the scientific journal [[Cretaceous Research]] found taphonomic evidence in the Kem Kem group that would support ''Spinosaurus'' being a semi-aquatic dinosaur.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beevor |first1=Thomas |last2=Quigley |first2=Aaron |last3=Smith |first3=Roy E. |last4=Smyth |first4=Robert S.H. |last5=Ibrahim |first5=Nizar |last6=Zouhri |first6=Samir |last7=Martill |first7=David M. |title=Taphonomic evidence supports an aquatic lifestyle for Spinosaurus |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=January 2021 |volume=117 |pages=104627 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104627 |bibcode=2021CrRes.11704627B |s2cid=224888268 |url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/taphonomic-evidence-supports-an-aquatic-lifestyle-for-spinosaurus(e7fb2358-2ac6-4b6c-9697-225a525e8366).html }}</ref> However, research conducted in 2023 cited the immediate assumption of Spinosaurids being avid divers due to correlations in bone compactness as being subject to errors, such as flawed statistical methods and measurements, as well as sampling bias.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539484v1.full.pdf | doi=10.1101/2023.05.04.539484 | title=Diving dinosaurs? Caveats on the use of bone compactness and pFDA for inferring lifestyle | year=2023 | last1=Myhrvold | first1=Nathan P. | last2=Sereno | first2=Paul C. | last3=Baumgart | first3=Stephanie L. | last4=Vidal | first4=Daniel | last5=Fish | first5=Frank E. | last6=Henderson | first6=Donald M. | last7=Saitta | first7=Evan T. | s2cid=258568983 }}</ref> A study conducted in 2023 by Stephanie Baumgart also found similar results with the previous studies as; given amount of variation in specimens and in data collection techniques, they concluded that previous evidence isn’t strong enough to put Spinosaurus swimming and diving entirely submerged. Spinosaurus still more likely mostly hung out on shore, akin to wader lifestyle previously interfered.<ref>
A 2018 study of [[buoyancy]] (through simulation with 3D models) by the Canadian palaeontologist Donald M. Henderson found that distantly related theropods floated as well as the tested spinosaurs, and instead supported they would have stayed by the shorelines or shallow water rather than being semi-aquatic.<ref name="Henderson">{{cite journal|last1=Henderson|first1=D. M.|date=2018|title=A buoyancy, balance and stability challenge to the hypothesis of a semi-aquatic ''Spinosaurus'' Stromer, 1915 (Dinosauria: Theropoda)|journal=PeerJ|volume=6|pages=e5409|doi=10.7717/peerj.5409|pmc=6098948|pmid=30128195 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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=== Distribution ===
[[File:Palaeogeographic locations of spinosaurids (white) and the specimen of HB site (black), through time from Bajocian–Bathonian (A), Tithonian (B), Barremian−Aptian (C), and Albian−Cenomanian (D).jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.3|Generalized locations of spinosaurid fossil discoveries from the [[Bajocian]]–[[Bathonian]] (A), [[Tithonian]] (B), [[Barremian]]−[[Aptian]] (C), and [[Albian]]−[[Cenomanian]] (D) marked on maps of those time spans.]]
Confirmed spinosaurids have been found on every continent except for North America, Australia and Antarctica, the first of which was ''Spinosaurus aegyptiacus'', discovered at the [[Bahariya Formation]] in Egypt.<ref name="Stromer15" /> Baryonychines were common, such as ''Baryonyx'', which lived during the [[Barremian]] of England and Spain. ''Baryonyx''-like teeth are also found from the earlier [[Hauterivian]] and later [[Aptian]] sediments of Spain, as well as the [[Hauterivian]] of England.<ref name=Hone2017/><ref name="Mateus 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Mateus|first1=O.|last2=Araújo|first2=R.|last3=Natário|first3=C.|last4=Castanhinha|first4=R.|year=2011|title=A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur ''Baryonyx'' from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of ''Suchosaurus''|url=http://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_et_al_2011_a_new_specimen_of_the_theropod_dinosaur_baryonyx_from_the_early_cretaceous_of_portugal_and_taxonomic_validity_of_suchosaurus.pdf|journal=Zootaxa|series=2827|volume=2827|pages=54–68|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2827.1.3}}</ref> Baryonychines were represented in Africa, with ''Suchomimus'' ''tenerensis'' and ''Cristatusaurus lapparenti'' as well as ''Baryonyx''-like teeth from the Aptian of [[Niger]].<ref name="BuffetautandOuaja2002" /><ref name="Sereno Beck Dutheil et al 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Sereno |first1=Paul C. |last2=Beck |first2=Allison L. |last3=Dutheil |first3=Didier B. |last4=Gado |first4=Boubacar |last5=Larsson |first5=Hans C. E. |last6=Lyon |first6=Gabrielle H. |last7=Marcot |first7=Jonathan D. |last8=Rauhut |first8=Oliver W. M. |last9=Sadleir |first9=Rudyard W. |last10=Sidor |first10=Christian A. |last11=Varricchio |first11=David D. |last12=Wilson |first12=Gregory P. |last13=Wilson |first13=Jeffrey A. |title=A Long-Snouted Predatory Dinosaur from Africa and the Evolution of Spinosaurids |journal=Science |date=13 November 1998 |volume=282 |issue=5392 |pages=1298–1302 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5392.1298 |pmid=9812890 |bibcode=1998Sci...282.1298S |citeseerx=10.1.1.502.3887 }}</ref><ref name="TaquetRussell">{{cite journal |last1=Taquet |first1=Philippe |last2=Russell |first2=Dale A. |title=New data on spinosaurid dinosaurs from the early cretaceous of the Sahara |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science |date=September 1998 |volume=327 |issue=5 |pages=347–353 |doi=10.1016/S1251-8050(98)80054-2 |bibcode=1998CRASE.327..347T }}</ref> as well as in Europe, with ''Suchosaurus cultridens'' and ''S. girardi'' from the England. ''Baryonyx-''like teeth are also reported from the [[Ashdown Sands]] of [[Sussex]], in England, and the [[Burgos Province]], in Spain.<ref name="Mateus 2011" /> Other European spinosaurids [[Camarillasaurus|''Camarillasaurus cirugedae'']] and ''[[Iberospinus natarioi]]'' are known from the [[Barremian]] of Spain and Portugal, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samathi |first1=Adun |last2=Sander |first2=P. Martin |last3=Chanthasit |first3=Phornphen |title=A spinosaurid from Thailand (Sao Khua Formation, Early Cretaceous) and a reassessment of Camarillasaurus cirugedae from the Early Cretaceous of Spain |journal=Historical Biology |date=2 December 2021 |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=3480–3494 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1874372 |bibcode=2021HBio...33.3480S |s2cid=233884025 }}</ref><ref name="Mateus & Estraviz-López 2022" />
The earliest record of spinosaurines is from Europe, with the Barremian species [[Vallibonavenatrix|''Vallibonavenatrix cani'']] from Spain.<ref name="Elisabete Malafaia" /> Spinosaurines are also present in [[Albian]] sediments of [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]], and in [[Cenomanian]] sediments of Egypt and [[Morocco]]. In Africa, baryonychines were common in the Aptian, and then replaced by spinosaurines in the Albian and Cenomanian.<ref name="BuffetautandOuaja2002">{{cite journal |last1=Buffetaut |first1=Eric |last2=Ouaja |first2=Mohamed |title=A new specimen of Spinosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tunisia, with remarks on the evolutionary history of the Spinosauridae |journal=Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France |date=1 September 2002 |volume=173 |issue=5 |pages=415–421 |doi=10.2113/173.5.415 |hdl=2042/216 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14728/files/PAL_E1854.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref> such as in the [[Kem Kem Beds|Kem Kem beds]] of Morocco, which housed an ecosystem containing many large coexisting predators.<ref name="HendrickxMateusandBuffetaut2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=Christophe |last2=Mateus |first2=Octávio |last3=Buffetaut |first3=Eric |title=Morphofunctional Analysis of the Quadrate of Spinosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the Presence of Spinosaurus and a Second Spinosaurine Taxon in the Cenomanian of North Africa. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=6 January 2016 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=e0144695 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144695 |pmid=26734729 |pmc=4703214 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1144695H |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="RMetal10" /> A fragment of a spinosaurine lower jaw from the [[Early Cretaceous]] was also reported from [[Tunisia]], and referred to ''Spinosaurus''.<ref name="BuffetautandOuaja2002" /> Spinosaurinae's range also extended to South America, particularly Brazil, with the discoveries of ''Irritator challengeri, Angaturama limai,'' and ''Oxalaia quilombensis.''<ref name="Buffetautetal.20042" /><ref name="DiscOxalaia" /> There was also a fossil tooth in Argentina which has been referred to the Spinosauridae by Leonardo Salgado and colleagues.<ref name="Salgadoetal.2009">{{cite journal |last1=Salgado |first1=Leonardo |last2=Canudo |first2=José I. |last3=Garrido |first3=Alberto C. |last4=Ruiz-Omeñaca |first4=José I. |last5=García |first5=Rodolfo A. |last6=de la Fuente |first6=Marcelo S. |last7=Barco |first7=José L. |last8=Bollati |first8=Raúl |title=Upper Cretaceous vertebrates from El Anfiteatro area, Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=June 2009 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=767–784 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.001 |bibcode=2009CrRes..30..767S }}</ref> This referral is doubted by Gengo Tanaka ''et al.'', who offers ''[[Hamadasuchus]]'', a crocodilian, as the most likely animal of origin for these teeth.<ref name="Tanaka2010">{{cite book |last1=Hasegawa |first1=Yoshikazu |first2=Gengo |last2=Tanaka |first3=Yuji |last3=Takakuwa |first4=Satoshi |last4=Koike |chapter=Fine sculptures on a tooth of Spinosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Morocco |title=Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History |volume=14 |year=2010 |pages=11–20 |url=http://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin14_2.pdf }}</ref>
Partial skeletons and numerous fossil teeth indicate spinosaurids were widespread in Asia; three taxa—all spinosaurines—have been named: ''Siamosaurus suteethorni'' from Thailand, [["Sinopliosaurus" fusuiensis|"''Sinopliosaurus''" ''fusuiensis'']] from China, and ''Ichthyovenator laosensis'' from Laos.<ref name="AXRK122" /><ref name="BuffetautandOuaja2002" /><ref name="Honeetal.2010">{{cite journal |last1=Hone |first1=David W. E. |last2=Xing |first2=X. U. |last3=De-You |first3=Wang |title=A PROBABLE BARYONYCHINE (THEROPODA: SPINOSAURIDAE) TOOTH FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF HENAN PROVINCE, CHINA |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |date=15 March 2010 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=19 |url=http://www.vertpala.ac.cn/EN/Y2010/V48/I1/19 }}</ref> Spinosaurid teeth have been found in [[Malaysia]]; they were the first dinosaur remains discovered in the country.<ref name="sciencedaily">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140224204737.htm|title=First discovery of dinosaur fossils in Malaysia|author=ResearchSEA|date=2014|website=ScienceDaily}}</ref> Some intermediate specimens extend the known range of spinosaurids past the youngest dates of named taxa. A single baryonychine tooth was found from the mid-[[Santonian]], in the [[Majiacun Formation]] of [[Henan]], China.<ref name="Honeetal.2010" /> However, the tooth lacks spinosaurid synapomorphies.<ref name="Kubotaetal2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Katsuhiro|first1=Kubota|last2=Yuji|first2=Takakuwa|last3=Yoshikazu|first3=Hasegawa|date=2017|title=Second discovery of a spinosaurid tooth from the Sebayashi Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Kanna Town, Gunma Prefecture, Japan|url=http://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/Second-discovery-of-a-spinosaurid-tooth-from-the-Sebayashi-Formation-Lower-Cretaceous-Kanna-Town-Gunma-Prefecture-Ja1.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History|volume=21|pages=1–6}}</ref> At la Cantalera-1, a site in the early Barremian [[Blesa Formation]] in [[Treul]], Spain, two types of spinosaurid teeth were found, and they were assigned, tentatively, as indeterminate spinosaurine and baryonychine taxa.<ref name="AlonsoandCanudo2016">{{cite journal |last1=Alonso |first1=Antonio |last2=Canudo |first2=José Ignacio |title=On the spinosaurid theropod teeth from the early Barremian (Early Cretaceous) Blesa Formation (Spain) |journal=Historical Biology |date=17 August 2016 |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=823–834 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2015.1036751 |bibcode=2016HBio...28..823A |s2cid=131023889 }}</ref> An indeterminate spinosaurid was discovered in the [[Early Cretaceous]] [[Eumeralla Formation]], Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/06/australian-spinosaur-unearthed|title=Australian 'Spinosaur' unearthed|work=Australian Geographic|access-date=2018-04-15|language=en}}</ref> It is known from a single 4 cm long partial cervical vertebra, designated [[National Museum of Victoria|NMV]] P221081. It is missing most of the neural arch. The specimen is from a juvenile estimated to be about 2 to 3 meters long (6–9 ft). Out of all spinosaurids, it most closely resembles ''Baryonyx''.<ref name="BarrettBenson2011">{{cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=Paul M. |last2=Benson |first2=Roger B. J. |last3=Rich |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Vickers-Rich |first4=Patricia |title=First spinosaurid dinosaur from Australia and the cosmopolitanism of Cretaceous dinosaur faunas |journal=Biology Letters |date=23 December 2011 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=933–936 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.0466 |pmid=21693488 |pmc=3210678 }}</ref> In 2019, it was suggested that the vertebra instead belonged to a [[megaraptorid]] theropod, as opposed to a spinosaur.<ref name="poropat2019">{{cite journal | title=New megaraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) remains from the Lower Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation of Cape Otway, Victoria, Australia | journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |pages = e1666273| year=2019 | doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1666273|last1 = Poropat|first1 = Stephen F.|last2 = White|first2 = Matt A.|last3 = Vickers-Rich|first3 = Patricia|last4 = Rich|first4 = Thomas H.| volume=39 | issue=4 | bibcode=2019JVPal..39E6273P | s2cid=208603798 | url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9963197 }}</ref>
==Timeline of genera==
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