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In 1966, the Soviet economists suggested creating a unified series of mutually compatible computers. Due to the success of the IBM System/360 in the United States, the economic planners decided to use the IBM design, although some prominent Soviet computer scientists had criticized the idea and suggested instead choosing one of the Soviet indigenous designs, such as [[BESM|БЭСМ]] or [[Minsk family of computers|Minsk]]. The first works on the cloning began in 1968; production started in 1972. In addition, after 1968, other Comecon countries joined the project.
With the exception of only a few hardware pieces, the ES machines were recognized in the Western countries as independently designed, based on legitimate Soviet patents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://computer-museum.ru/histussr/es_hist.htm|title = Исторический обзор семейства ЕС ЭВМ}}</ref> Unlike the hardware, which was quite original, mostly created by [[reverse engineering]], much of the software was based on slightly modified and localized IBM code. In 1974–1976, IBM had contacted the Soviet authorities and expressed interest in ES EVM development; however, after the Soviet Army entered [[Afghanistan]], in 1979, all contacts between IBM and ES developers were interrupted, due to the U.S. embargo on technological cooperation with the USSR.
Due to the [[CoCom]]'s restrictions, much of the software localization was done through [[disassembler|disassembling]] the IBM software, with some minimal modification. The most common [[operating system]] was ''ОС ЕС'' (OS ES), a modified version of [[OS/360]]; the later versions of ''ОС ЕС'' were very original and different from the IBM OSes, but they also included a lot of original IBM code. There were even anecdotal rumors among the Soviet programmers, that this supposedly Soviet operating system contained some [[Easter egg (software)|secret command]] which outputs the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|American national anthem]]. Today some of the [[Russia]]n institutes that worked on ES EVM are cooperating with IBM to continue legacy support for both genuine IBM mainframes and the ES EVM systems.
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