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According to a genetic study with about 200 limited samples, 86% of Brazilians would have, at least, 10% of Black African genes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas?|first1=Sérgio D. J.|last1=Pena|first2=Maria Cátira|last2=Bortolini|volume=18|issue=50|pages=31–50|doi=10.1590/S0103-40142004000100004|journal=Estudos Avançados|year=2004|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The researchers however were cautious about its conclusions: "Obviously these estimates were made by extrapolation of experimental results with relatively small samples and, therefore, their confidence limits are very ample". A new autosomal study from 2011, also led by Sérgio Pena, but with nearly 1000 samples this time, from all over the country, shows that in most Brazilian regions most Brazilians "whites" are less than 10% African in ancestry and it also shows that the "pardos" are predominantly European in ancestry, the European ancestry being therefore the main component in the Brazilian population, in spite of a very high degree of African ancestry and significant Native American contribution.<ref name="Pena et al 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Di Pietro |first2=Giuliano |last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes |first3=Mateus |last4=Genro |first4=Julia Pasqualini |last5=Hutz |first5=Mara H. |last6=Kehdy |first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes |last7=Kohlrausch |first7=Fabiana |last8=Magno |first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana |last9=Montenegro |first9=Raquel Carvalho |last10=Moraes |first10=Manoel Odorico |last11=Moraes |first11=Maria Elisabete Amaral de |last12=Moraes |first12=Milene Raiol de |last13=Ojopi |first13=Élida B. |last14=Perini |first14=Jamila A. |last15=Racciopi |first15=Clarice |last16=Ribeiro-dos-Santos |first16=Ândrea Kely Campos |last17=Rios-Santos |first17=Fabrício |last18=Romano-Silva |first18=Marco A. |last19=Sortica |first19=Vinicius A. |last20=Suarez-Kurtz |first20=Guilherme |title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected |journal=
According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, both "whites" and "pardos" from [[Fortaleza]] have a predominantly degree of European ancestry (>70%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions. "Whites" and "pardos" from [[Belém]] and [[Ilhéus]] also were found to be predominantly European in ancestry, with minor Native American and African contributions.<ref name="Pena et al 2011"/>
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According to another autosomal study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65,90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24,80%) and the Native American (9,3%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-05-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref>
An autosomal study from 2011 (with nearly almost 1000 samples from all over the country, "whites", "pardos" and "blacks" included) has also concluded that European ancestry is the predominant ancestry in Brazil, accounting for nearly 70% of the ancestry of the population: "''In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South''".<ref name="Pena et al 2011"/> The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amigodoador.com.br/estatisticas.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028205753/http://www.amigodoador.com.br/estatisticas.html |archive-date=2011-10-28 }} Profile of the Brazilian blood donor</ref>), and also public health institutions personnel and health students. In all Brazilian regions European, African and Amerindian genetic markers are found in the local populations, even though the proportion of each varies from region to region and from individual to individual.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alves-Silva |first1=Juliana |last2=da Silva Santos |first2=Magda |last3=Guimarães |first3=Pedro E.M. |last4=Ferreira |first4=Alessandro C.S. |last5=Bandelt |first5=Hans-Jürgen |last6=Pena |first6=Sérgio D.J. |last7=Prado |first7=Vania Ferreira |title=The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=August 2000 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=444–461 |doi=10.1086/303004 |pmid=10873790 |pmc=1287189 }}</ref> However most regions showed basically the same structure, a greater European contribution to the population, followed by African and Native American contributions: “Some people had the vision Brazil was a heterogeneous mosaic [...] Our study proves Brazil is a lot more integrated than some expected".<ref name="cienciahoje">{{cite web |url=http://cienciahoje.uol.com.br/noticias/2011/02/nossa-heranca-europeia/?searchterm=Pena |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927160218/http://cienciahoje.uol.com.br/noticias/2011/02/nossa-heranca-europeia/?searchterm=Pena |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref> Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, greater within regions than between them:
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According to an autosomal DNA study (from 2003) focused on the composition of the Brazilian population as a whole, "European contribution [...] is highest in the South (81% to 82%), and lowest in the North (68% to 71%). The African component is lowest in the South (11%), while the highest values are found in the Southeast (18%-20%). Extreme values for the Amerindian fraction were found in the South and Southeast (7%-8%) and North (17%-18%)". The researchers were cautious with the results as their samples came from paternity test takers which may have skewed the results partly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Callegari-Jacques |first1=Sidia M. |last2=Grattapaglia |first2=Dario |last3=Salzano |first3=Francisco M. |last4=Salamoni |first4=Sabrina P. |last5=Crossetti |first5=Shaiane G. |last6=Ferreira |first6=Márcio E. |last7=Hutz |first7=Mara H. |title=Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |date=November 2003 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=824–834 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.10217 |pmid=14595874 |s2cid=34610130 }}</ref>
Several other older studies have suggested that European ancestry is the main component in all Brazilian regions. A study from 1965, Methods of Analysis of a Hybrid Population (Human Biology, vol 37, number 1), led by the geneticists D. F. Roberts e R. W. Hiorns, found out the average the Northeastern Brazilian to be predominantly European in ancestry (65%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions (25% and 9%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prossiga.bvgf.fgf.org.br/portugues/obra/opusculos/brasileiro_nacional.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020423215610/http://prossiga.bvgf.fgf.org.br/portugues/obra/opusculos/brasileiro_nacional.html |archive-date=2002-04-23 }}</ref> Parra et al 2002 stated that: "Salzano (28, a study from 1997) calculated for the Northeastern population as a whole, 51% European, 36% African, and 13% Amerindian ancestries whereas in the north, Santos and Guerreiro (29, a study from 1995) obtained 47% European, 12% African, and 41% Amerindian descent, and in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, Dornelles et al. (30, a study from 1999) calculated 82% European, 7% African, and 11% Amerindian ancestries. Krieger et al. (31, ''a study from 1965'') studied a population of Brazilian northeastern origin living in São Paulo with blood groups and electrophoretic markers and showed that whites presented 18% of African and 12% of Amerindian genetic contribution and that blacks presented 28% of European and 5% of Amerindian genetic contribution (31). Of course, all of these Amerindian admixture estimates are subject to the caveat mentioned in the previous paragraph. At any rate, compared with these previous studies, our estimates showed higher levels of bidirectional admixture between Africans and non-Africans."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parra |first1=F. C. |last2=Amado |first2=R. C. |last3=Lambertucci |first3=J. R. |last4=Rocha |first4=J. |last5=Antunes |first5=C. M. |last6=Pena |first6=S. D. J. |title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=7 January 2003 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 |pmid=12509516 |pmc=140919 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Black/Amerindian==
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