Content deleted Content added
→History: No reference. How did archaeology prove that it did not exist across those millenia and that continent? They proved a negative, somehow? What a racist place wiki has become. Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
→History: The author providing the reference does say they were independently invented. They provide absolutely NO arguments or evidence to support this. The only thing they have evidence for is the axes existing. Archaeology is fraught with bias, especially cultural. Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
Line 22:
[[File:Brescia Monte pietà romani1 by Stefano Bolognini.JPG|thumb|upright|Roman axe in an ancient Roman relief in [[Brescia]], [[Italy]]]]
[[File:Shang Bronze Yue 2.jpg|thumb|[[Shang dynasty]] axe]]
[[Hand axe]]s, of [[Rock (geology)|stone]], and used without handles (hafts) were the first axes. They had [[Knapping|knapped]] (chipped) cutting edges of [[Flint axe|flint]] or other stone. Early examples of hand axes date back to 1.6 mya in the later Oldowan,<ref>Leakey, M. D. 1972. ''Olduvai Gorge''. Vol 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> in Southern Ethiopia around 1.4 mya,<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=1465142|year=1992|author1=Asfaw, B.|author2=Beyene, Y.|author3=Suwa, G.|author4=Walter, R. C.|author5=White, T. D.|author6=Woldegabriel, G.|author7=Yemane, T.|title=The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula|volume=360|issue=6406|pages=732–5|doi=10.1038/360732a0|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|bibcode=1992Natur.360..732A|s2cid=4341455}}</ref> and in 1.2 mya deposits in [[Olduvai Gorge]].<ref name="FoleyLewin2003">{{cite book|author1=Foley, Robert Andrew|author2=Lewin, Roger|title=Principles of Human Evolution|year=2003|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-632-04704-8}}</ref> Stone axes made with ''[[Grind|ground]]'' cutting edges were first developed sometime in the late [[Pleistocene]] in [[Indigenous Australians|Australia]], where grind-edge axe fragments from sites in [[Arnhem Land]] date back at least 44,000 years;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hiscock | first1 = P. | last2 = O'Connor | first2 = S. | last3 = Balme | first3 = J. | last4 = Maloney | first4 = T. | year = 2016 | title = World's earliest ground-edge axe production coincides with human colonisation of Australia | journal = Australian Archaeology | volume = 82 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–11 | doi=10.1080/03122417.2016.1164379 | s2cid = 147777782 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Geneste | first1 = J.-M. | last2 = David | first2 = B. | last3 = Plisson | first3 = H. | last4 = Clarkson | first4 = C. | last5 = Delannoy | first5 = J.-J. | last6 = Petchey | first6 = F. | last7 = Whear | first7 = R. | year = 2010 | title = Earliest evidence for ground-edge axes: 35,400 ± 410 cal BP from Jawoyn Country, Arnhem Land | journal = Australian Archaeology | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–69 | doi=10.1080/03122417.2010.11689385 | hdl = 10289/5067 | s2cid = 134077798 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> grind-edge axes were later
Hafted axes are first known from the [[Mesolithic]] period (c. 6000 BC). Few wooden hafts have been found from this period, but it seems that the axe was normally hafted by [[Wedge|wedging]]. [[Birch-tar]] and [[Rawhide (material)|rawhide]] [[Lashing (ropework)|lashings]] were used to fix the blade.
| |||