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{{Use Hiberno-English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Horace Plunkett
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCVO|JP|DL|FRS}}
| image = Sir Horace Plunkett, 1-15-23 LOC npcc.07656 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| order1 = [[Congested Districts Board for Ireland]]
| term_start1 = 1891
| term_end1 = 1918
| order2 = [[South Dublin (UK Parliament constituency)|MP for South Dublin]]
| term_start2 = 1892
| term_end2 = 1900
| predecessor2 = [[Sir Thomas Esmonde, 11th Baronet|Sir Thomas Esmonde]]
| successor2 = [[John Joseph Mooney]]
| order4 = [[Irish Convention]]
| term_start4 = 1917
| term_end4 = 1918
| order3 = [[Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)|Seanad Éireann]]
| term_start3 = 1922
| term_end3 = 1923 (resigned)
| order5 = [[Irish Dominion League|Leader of the Irish Dominion League]]
| term_start5 = 1919
| term_end5 = 1921
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1854|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Sherborne, Gloucestershire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1932|03|26|1854|10|24}}
| death_place = [[Weybridge]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| party = {{ubl|[[Irish Conservative Party]]|[[Irish Unionist Alliance]]|[[Irish Dominion League]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University College, Oxford]]
| education = [[Eton College]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCVO|PCi|JP|DL|FRS}} (24 October 1854 – 26 March 1932), was an [[Anglo-Irish]] agricultural reformer, pioneer of [[agricultural cooperative]]s, [[Unionism (Ireland)|Unionist]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]], supporter of [[Irish Home Rule Movement|Home Rule]], [[Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)|Irish Senator]] and author.
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== Family and background ==
Plunkett was born in [[Sherborne, Gloucestershire]], England, the third son of [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] Edward Plunkett, the 16th [[Baron of Dunsany]], of [[Dunsany Castle]], [[:Category:Dunsany|Dunsany]], near [[Dunshaughlin]], [[County Meath]], and the Honourable Anne Constance Dutton (d. 1858; daughter of [[John Dutton, 2nd Baron Sherborne]]). Raised in County Meath, Plunkett was [[Anglo-Irish]], being of Anglican [[Unionist (Ireland)|Irish unionist]] background, educated at [[Eton College]] and [[University College, Oxford]], of which he became an honorary fellow in 1909.<ref name=dib>
His older brother was [[John Plunkett, 17th Baron of Dunsany]] and a distant cousin was the Roman Catholic [[George Noble Plunkett]], a [[Papal Count]] and father of [[Joseph Plunkett]], one of the signatories of the [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic]] and a leader of the [[Easter Rising]] of 1916.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
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Around him he saw a troubled economy, racked with dissension, denuded by emigration, impoverished in its countryside and economically stagnant in its towns.<ref>Byrne, J.J.: ''AE and Sir Horace Plunkett'', pp. 152–54: (''The Shaping of Modern Ireland'' Conor-Cruise O'Brien, 1960).</ref>
[[File:First Irish Dairy Cooperative1889, Doneraile, co. Cork.JPG|left|thumb|First Irish Dairy Cooperative, erected and established 1889, in Doneraile, County Cork.]]
Before going to America he had become an enthusiast for the [[Rochdale principles]] of Consumer cooperatives and in 1878 had set a store up on the family estate.<ref
He took a leading part in developing [[Agricultural cooperative|agricultural co-operation]] in Ireland, of which he had learned from isolated American farmers, taking account of Scandinavian models of co-operation and the invention of the steam-powered cream separator. Working with a few colleagues, including two members of the clergy, and advocating self-reliance, he set his ideas into practice first among dairy farmers in the south of Ireland, who established Ireland's first cooperative at [[Doneraile]], [[County Cork]]. He also opened the first creamery in [[Dromcollogher]], [[County Limerick]], now the site of the National Dairy Cooperative Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/21835009/national-dairy-co-op-museum-carroward-east-dromcolliher-co-limerick | publisher = National Inventory of Architectural Heritage | website = buildingsofireland.ie | title = National Dairy Co-Op Museum, Dromcolliher, Limerick | access-date = 4 April 2021 }}</ref>
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Plunkett believed that the [[Industrial Revolution]] needed to be redressed by an agricultural revolution through co-operation, and proclaimed his ideals under the slogan "Better farming, better business, better living". (US president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] adopted the slogan for his conservation and country life policy.){{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
[[Gifford Pinchot]], Theodore Roosevelt's head of the [[Bureau of Forestry]] introduced Plunkett to Roosevelt in 1906. Roosevelt had recently set up the [[National Conservation Commission]] and was also interested in Irish cooperatives. Arguing that it was not enough to conserve natural resources without tackling the problems of rural life, Plunkett and Pinchot helped draft Roosevelt's letter recommending the
==Success and opposition==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2016}}
Public opinion, initially lukewarm, grew hostile in some sectors as the cooperative movement developed, and shopkeepers, butter-buyers and sections of the press led a campaign of virulent opposition. Cooperatives and Plunkett were denounced for supposedly ruining the dairy industry but the movement caught hold, with the mass of farmers benefitting. Plunkett and his colleagues including the poet and painter [[George William Russell]] ("Æ") made a good working team, writing widely on economic and cultural development, and on the role of labour.
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