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{{Short description|Automotive technology}}
[[File:Erprobungsfahrzeug SpeedE der fka GmbH.jpg|thumb|right|SpeedE, an academic concept car developed for studying [[drive-by-wire]] technologies<ref name="SpeedEpapers">{{citation |url=https://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/de/kompetenzen/projekte/fahrzeugkonzepte-und-design/speede-de.html |title=SpeedE - Forschungsplattform |year=2016 |publisher=ika - Institute for Motor Vehicles of RWTH Aachen University}}</ref>]]
'''Steer-by-wire''', in the context of the automotive industry, is a technology or system that allows steering some or all of a vehicle's wheels without a [[steering column]] connected to the wheel axles. It is different from [[electric power steering]] or power-assist, as those systems still rely on the steering column to transfer some steering torque to the wheels.<ref name="RnT-sbw-Toyota">{{citation |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a43350167/toyota-steer-by-wire/ |title=How Toyota Is Making the Case for Steer-By-Wire |author=Chris Perkins |date=March 17, 2023 |website=Road & Track}}</ref> It is often associated with other [[drive by wire]] technologies.
A vehicle with a steer-by-wire system may be manually controlled by a driver through a steering wheel, a yoke, or any other steering apparatus which is connected to one or more [[electronic control unit]]s, which uses the input to control steering actuators that turn the wheels and steer the vehicle. The steering wheel or yoke may be equipped with [[haptic technology|haptic feedback]] to simulate road feel and wheel resistance, and change depending on the vehicle speed or customizable settings.<ref name="RnT-sbw-Toyota" /><ref name="Q50Wired">{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/05/al-drivebywire/|title=Take a Look Inside the First Steer-by-Wire Car|first=Matt|last=Jancer|access-date=2017-03-06|archive-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316025422/http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/05/al_drivebywire|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Drive by wire#Safety and security|safety of drive-by-wire systems]] is often ensured through [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]], for example through redundant input sensors, redundant [[CAN bus|vehicle communication network]]s and power grids, redundant steering actuators per wheel, and fail-operational steering. If steering fails for one or even two wheels, the system can compensate with [[torque vectoring]] using the other available wheels.<ref name="Sampath2020">{{citation |url=https://saeindia.org/jbframework/uploads/2020/12/Tech-Trends-Towards-Functional-Safety-in-Drive-By-Wire-Vehicles-compressed.pdf |title=Toward functional safety in drive by wire vehicles |author=Arunkumar Sampath |journal=Mobility Engineering |issue=December 2020}}</ref>
== Coupled with traditional steering ==
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