Shailendra dynasty: Difference between revisions

The Shailendras are considered to have been a [[thalassocracy]] and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia,; however, they also relied on agricultural pursuits, by way of intensive rice cultivation on the [[Kedu Plain]] of Central Java. The dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of the [[Mataram Kingdom]] of Central Java, and for some period, the [[Srivijaya]] Kingdom in Sumatra.

Other scholars hold that the expansion of Buddhist kingdom of [[Srivijaya]] was involved in the rise of the dynasty in Java.<ref>e.g. Munoz (2006: 139)</ref> Supporters of this connection emphasize the shared Mahayana patronage; the intermarriages and the Ligor inscription. Also the fact that some of Shailendra's inscriptions were written in [[old Malay]], which suggested Srivijaya or Sumatran connections. The name 'Selendra' was first mentioned in [[Sojomerto inscription]] (725) as "Dapunta Selendra". Dapunta Selendra is suggested as the ancestor of Shailendras. The title Dapunta is similar to those of Srivijayan King [[Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]], and the inscription — although discovered in Central Java north coast — was written in old Malay, which suggested the Sumatran origin or Srivijayan connection to this family. The Sojomerto inscription is often used as evidence that the Shailendra dynasty came from Sumatra because it assumes the word ''Selendra'' as the Malay designation for Shailendra and assumed that Dapunta Selendra was the predecessor of the dynasty. Recent studies show no such evidence: According to Damais, the Sojomerto inscription dates from the 8th century, placing it after the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]] (683 AD). In addition, the name Selendra from the Sojomerto inscription does not seem to have anything to do with Shailendra: The inscription mentions the words ''hakairu'' and ''daiva'' which have the diphthong ai, so that diphthong should also be used in the name ''Dapunta Selendra''. In addition, this theory is obsolete because there is no data on the existence of the Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra earlier than the ninth century and Srivijaya was unable to conquer Java. What happened was the opposite — the Shailendra dynasty subdued Srivijaya and its area on the Malay peninsula.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|last=Zakharov|first=Anton A|date=August 2012|title=The Śailendras Reconsidered|url=https://iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps12.pdf|website=nsc.iseas.edu.sg|publisher=The Nalanda-Srivijaya Centre Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101014301/http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/nscwps012.pdf|archive-date=November 1, 2013|access-date=2013-10-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|22-2722–27}}

From Sumatra, the Shailendras also maintained overseas relations with the [[Chola]] kingdom in Southern India, as shown by several south Indian inscriptions. An 11th-century inscription mentioned the grant of revenues to a local Buddhist sanctuary, built in 1005 by the king of the Srivijaya. In spite the relations were initially fairly cordial, hostilities had broken out in 1025.<ref>Hall (1985: 200)</ref> [[Rajendra Chola I]] the Emperor of the [[Chola dynasty]] conquered some territories of the Shailendra Dynastydynasty in the 11th century.<ref>Indian Civilization and Culture by Suhas Chatterjee p. 499</ref> The devastation caused by [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya]] in 1025, marked the end of Shailendra family as the ruling dynasty in Sumatra. The last king of Shailendra dynasty — the Maharaja [[Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman]] — was imprisoned and taken as hostage. Nevertheless, amity was re-established between the two states, before the end of the 11th century. In 1090 a new charter was granted to the old Buddhist sanctuary, it is the last known inscription with a reference to the Shailendras. With the absence of legitimate successor, Shailendra dynasty seems ceased to rule. Other family within Srivijaya mandala took over the throne, a new Maharaja named [[Sri Deva]] according to Chinese source establishing new dynasty to rule Srivijaya. He sent an embassy to the court of China in 1028 CE.

[[Sri Kesari Warmadewa]] was said to be a Buddhist king of the Shailendra Dynastydynasty who led a military expedition<ref>''Bali handbook with Lombok and the Eastern Isles'' by Liz Capaldi, Joshua Eliot p. 98 ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-iPvaB380_8C&pg=PA98]''</ref> to establish a [[Mahayana]] Buddhist government in [[Bali]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JlcL6HeY-uAC&pg=PA156 ''Bali & Lombok'' Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.156]</ref> In 914, he left a record of his endeavour in the [[Belanjong pillar]] in [[Sanur (Bali)|Sanur]] in Bali. According to this inscription, the [[Warmadewa dynasty]] was probably the branch of Shailendras that ruled Bali.

|Sanjaya, the nephew (or son?) of Sanna restore the order and ascend to throne, some early historian took this event as the establishment of new [[Sanjaya Dynastydynasty]], while other hold that this only the continuation of Shailendras