Nomenclature codes: Difference between revisions

In 2011, a revised ''BioCode'' was proposed that, instead of replacing the existing ''Codes'', would provide a unified context for them, referring to them when necessary.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bgbm.org/biodivinf/docs/biocode2011/biocode2.html |title=The Draft BioCode (2011) |publisher=International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greuter |first1=W. |last2=Garrity |first2=G. |last3=Hawksworth |first3=D. L. |last4=Jahn |first4=R. |last5=Kirk |first5=P. M. |last6=Knapp |first6=S. |last7=McNeill |first7=J. |last8=Michel |first8=E. |last9=Patterson |first9=D. J. |last10=Pyle |first10=R. |last11=Tindall |first11=B. J. |date=2011 |title=Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |pages=201–212 |doi=10.1002/tax.601019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hawksworth |first=D. L. |date=2011 |title=Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011) |url= http://iczn.org/content/introducing-draft-biocode-2011 |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=199–200 |doi=10.1002/tax.601018}}</ref> Changes in the existing codes are slowly being made in the proposed directions.<ref name="BioCode intro">DL Hawksworth (2011) BioCode 2011. Introduction. http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html</ref><ref name="BioCode prolo">Werner Greuter (2011) BioCode 2011. Explanatory prologue. http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html</ref> However, participants of the last serious discussion of the draft Biocode concluded that it would probably not be implemented in their lifetimes.<ref name="Oren19">{{cite book |last1=Oren |first1=Aharon |title=in Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria |date=2019 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-96060-8 |page=1-12 |edition=1 |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118960608.bm00004.pub2}}</ref>

Many authors encountered problems in using the Linnean system in phylogenetic classification.<ref name="de Queiroz y Gauthier 1990">{{Cite journal |last=de Queiroz |first=K. |last2=Gauthier |first2=J. |date=DecDecember 1990 |title=Phylogeny as a Central Principle in Taxonomy: Phylogenetic Definitions of Taxon Names |url=http://vertebrates.si.edu/herps/herps_pdfs/deQueiroz_pdfs/1990deQ_GauSZ.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112849/http://vertebrates.si.edu/herps/herps_pdfs/deQueiroz_pdfs/1990deQ_GauSZ.pdf |archive-date=Nov 13, November 2017 |journal=Systematic Zoology |volume=39 |pages=307–322 |doi=10.2307/2992353}}</ref> In fact, early proponents of rank-based nomenclature, such as Alphonse de Candolle and the authors of the 1886 version of the American Ornithologists' Union code of nomenclature already envisioned that in the future, rank-based nomenclature would have to be abandoned.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The PhyloCode : The logical outcome of millennia of evolution of biological nomenclature? |journal=Zoologica Scripta |date=23 July 2023 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12625 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12625 |issn=0300-3256}}</ref><ref name="L23CRC">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-003-09282-7 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin}}</ref> Another ''Code'' that was developed since 1998 is the ''[[PhyloCode]]'', which now regulates names defined under [[phylogenetic nomenclature]] instead of the traditional [[Linnaean nomenclature]]. This new approach requires using phylogenetic definitions that refer to "specifiers", analogous to "type" under rank-based nomenclature. Such definitions delimit taxa under a given phylogeny, and this kind of nomenclature does not require use of absolute ranks. The ''Code'' took effect in 2020, with the publication of [https://www.routledge.com/Phylonyms-A-Companion-to-the-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino-Gauthier/p/book/9781138332935 Phylonyms], a monograph that includes a list of the first names established under that code.