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===Testing===
<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>Lipopolysaccharide, is a significant factor that makes bacteria harmful, and it helps categorize them into different groups based on their structure and function. This makes LPS a useful marker for telling apart various Gram-negative bacteria. Swiftly identifying and understanding the types of pathogens involved is crucial for promptly managing and treating infections. Since LPS is the main trigger for the immune response in our cells, it acts as an early signal of an acute infection. Therefore, LPS testing is more specific and meaningful than many other serological tests.'''<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>
<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>The current methods for testing LPS are quite sensitive, but many of them struggle to differentiate between different LPS groups. Additionally, the nature of LPS, which has both water-attracting and water-repelling properties (amphiphilic), makes it challenging to develop sensitive and user-friendly tests.'''<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>
<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>The typical detection methods rely on identifying the lipid A part of LPS. However, this method has limitations because Lipid A is very similar among different bacterial species and serotypes. LPS testing techniques fall into six categories, and they often overlap: in vivo tests, in vitro tests, modified immunoassays, biological assays, and chemical assays.'''<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>
===Pathophysiology===
<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>LPS is a powerful toxin that, when in the body, triggers inflammation by binding to cell receptors. Excessive LPS in the blood can lead to endotoxemia, potentially causing a harmful condition called septic shock. This condition includes symptoms like rapid heart rate, quick breathing, temperature changes, and blood clotting issues, resulting in blood vessels widening and reduced blood volume, leading to cellular dysfunction.'''<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>
Recent research indicates that even small LPS exposure is associated with autoimmune diseases and allergies. High levels of LPS in the blood can lead to metabolic syndrome, increasing the risk of conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and liver problems.<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>Recent research indicates that even small LPS exposure is associated with autoimmune diseases and allergies. High levels of LPS in the blood can lead to metabolic syndrome, increasing the risk of conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and liver problems.'''
LPS also plays a crucial role in symptoms caused by infections from harmful bacteria, including severe conditions like Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, meningococcemia, and meningitis. Certain bacteria can adapt their LPS to cause long-lasting infections in the respiratory and digestive systems.<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>LPS also plays a crucial role in symptoms caused by infections from harmful bacteria, including severe conditions like Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, meningococcemia, and meningitis. Certain bacteria can adapt their LPS to cause long-lasting infections in the respiratory and digestive systems.'''
<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>Recent studies have shown that LPS disrupts cell membrane lipids, affecting cholesterol and metabolism, potentially leading to high cholesterol, abnormal blood lipid levels, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In some cases, LPS can interfere with toxin clearance, which may be linked to neurological issues.'''<ref>Page, M. J., Kell, D. B., & Pretorius, E. (2022). The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 6, 24705470221076390. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390</ref>
==Health effects==
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