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Line 1: {{Short description\|Type of laser}} {{~~correct~~Correct title~~\|reason=namespace\|edit=substitution~~\|title=Ti:sapphire laser}} [[File:Titanium sapphire oscillator.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|Part of a Ti:sapphire oscillator. The Ti:sapphire crystal is the bright red light source on the left. The green light is from the pump diode]] '''~~Ti:~~Titanium-sapphire lasers''' (also known as '''Ti:sapphire lasers''', '''Ti:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> lasers'''~~, '''titanium-sapphire lasers''',~~ or '''Ti:sapphs''') are [[tunable laser]]s which emit [[red]] and [[infrared\|near-infrared]] light in the range from 650 to 1100 nanometers. These [[lasers]] are mainly used in scientific research because of their tunability and their ability to generate [[ultrashort pulse]]s thanks to its broad light emission spectrum. Lasers based on Ti:sapphire were first constructed and invented in June 1982 by Peter Moulton at the [[MIT Lincoln Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1364/JOSAB.3.000125\|title=Spectroscopic and laser characteristics of Ti:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>\|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America B\|volume=3\|pages=125–133\|year=1986\|last1=Moulton\|first1=P. F.\|bibcode=1986JOSAB...3..125M\|issue=1}}</ref> Titanium-sapphire refers to the [[lasing medium]], a crystal of [[sapphire]] (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) that is [[Doping_(semiconductor)\|doped]] with [[titanium\|Ti<sup>3+</sup>]] [[ion]]s. A Ti:sapphire laser is usually [[Laser pumping\|pumped]] with another laser with a wavelength of 514 to 532 nm, for which [[argon]]-[[ion laser]]s (514.5 nm) and [[Second harmonic generation\|frequency-doubled]] [[Nd:YAG]], [[Nd:YLF]], and [[Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate\|Nd:YVO]] lasers (527–532 nm) are used. They are capable of laser operation from 670 nm to {{formatnum:1100}} nm wavelength.<ref name="steele91">{{cite journal\|last1=Steele\|first1=T.R.\|last2=Gerstenberger\|first2=D. C.\|last3=Drobshoff\|first3=A.\|last4=Wallace\|first4=R. W.\|date=15 March 1991\|title=Broadly tunable high-power operation of an all-solid-state titanium-doped sapphire laser system\|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-16-6-399\|journal= Optics Letters\|volume=16\|issue=6\|pages=399–401\|doi=10.1364/OL.16.000399\|pmid=19773946\|bibcode=1991OptL...16..399S}}</ref> Ti:sapphire lasers operate most efficiently at wavelengths near 800 nm.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|last=Withnall\|first=R.\|title=SPECTROSCOPY {{!}} Raman Spectroscopy\|date=2005-01-01\|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012369395000960X\|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Modern Optics\|pages=119–134\|editor-last=Guenther\|editor-first=Robert D.\|place=Oxford\|publisher=Elsevier\|language=en\|doi=10.1016/b0-12-369395-0/00960-x\|isbn=978-0-12-369395-2\|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref>

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