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Shannon contributed to the field of [[cryptanalysis]] for national defense of the United States during [[World War II]], including his fundamental work on codebreaking and secure [[telecommunications]], writing a [[Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems|paper]] which is considered one of the foundational pieces of modern cryptography,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shimeall |first1=Timothy J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZBqAAAAQBAJ&dq=The+concept+of+perfect+secrecy+was+first+defined+by+Claude+Shannon+in+1946%2C+although+the+work+was+not+declassified+and+published+until+three+years+later&pg=PA167 |title=Introduction to Information Security: A Strategic-Based Approach |last2=Spring |first2=Jonathan M. |publisher=Syngress |year=2013 |isbn=978-1597499699 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> with his work described as "a turning point, and marked the closure of classical cryptography and the beginning of modern cryptography."<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Koç |first1=Çetin Kaya |last2=Özdemir |first2=Funda |date=2023 |title=Development of Cryptography since Shannon |url=https://cetinkayakoc.net/publications.html |journal=Handbook of Formal Analysis and Verification in Cryptography|pages=1–56 |doi=10.1201/9781003090052-1 |isbn=978-1-003-09005-2 }}</ref> The work of Shannon is the foundation of [[Symmetric-key algorithm|secret-key cryptography]], including the work of [[Horst Feistel]], the [[Data Encryption Standard|Data Encryption Standard (DES)]], and much more.<ref name=":9" /> As a result, Shannon has been called the "founding father of modern cryptography".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bruen |first=Aiden A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fd2LtVgFzoMC&pg=PA3&dq=claude+shannon+father+of+cryptography&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq0rzRtfqGAxVshIQIHQU9AzAQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Cryptography, Information Theory, and Error-Correction: A Handbook for the 21st Century |last2=Forcinito |first2=Mario |date=2005 |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |isbn=978-0-471-65317-2 |location=Hoboken, N.J |pages=3 |language=en |oclc=ocm56191935}}</ref>
[[A Mathematical Theory of Communication|His mathematical theory of communication]] laid the foundations for the field of [[information theory]],<ref name="Fortune2">{{cite book |last=Poundstone |first=William |author-link=William Poundstone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xz4y3u-qM04C&pg=PA16&dq=solomon+w.+golomb+fortune+formula&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRqOibpfWGAxWykYkEHYMsCMsQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Fortune's Formula : The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street |publisher=Hill & Wang |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8090-4599-0 |pages=15–16 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Claude E. Shannon {{!}} IEEE Information Theory Society |url=https://www.itsoc.org/about/shannon |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=www.itsoc.org}}</ref> with his famous paper being called the "[[Magna Carta]] of the Information Age" by ''[[Scientific American]],''<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Goodman |first1=Rob |last2=Soni |first2=Jimmy |date=2018 |title=Genius in Training |url=https://alumni.umich.edu/michigan-alum/genius-in-training/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Alumni Association of the University of Michigan |language=en-US}}</ref> along with his work being described as being at "the heart of today's digital [[information technology]]".<ref name=":6">{{Cite thesis |last=Guizzo |first=Erico Marui |date=2003 |title=The Essential Message: Claude Shannon and the Making of Information Theory |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/39429 |access-date=11 January 2024 |degree=Master's |publisher=University of Sao Paulo}}</ref> [[Robert G. Gallager]] referred to the paper as a "blueprint for the digital era".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-01 |title=Claude Shannon: Reluctant Father of the Digital Age |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2001/07/01/235669/claude-shannon-reluctant-father-of-the-digital-age/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> Regarding the influence that Shannon had on the digital age, [[Solomon W. Golomb]] remarked "It's like saying how much influence the inventor of the [[alphabet]] has had on [[literature]]."<ref name="Fortune2" /> Shannon's theory is widely used and has been fundamental to the success of many scientific endeavors, such as the invention of the [[compact disc]], development of the [[Internet]], understanding of [[Black hole|black holes]] and more, and is at the intersection of numerous important fields.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chang |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vY7SBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA217&dq=information+theory+claude+shannon+black+holes+quantum+computing&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUxaTRq_yGAxWxr4QIHb-CA5Q4MhDoAXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Principles of Scientific Methods |date= |publisher=CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4822-3809-9 |location=Boca Raton |pages=217 |language=en}}</ref>
Shannon made numerous contributions to the field of artificial intelligence,<ref name=":10" /> writing papers on programming a computer for chess, which have been immensely influential,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apter |first=Michael J. |author-link=Michael Apter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1t4zEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA123&dq=claude+shannon+chess+artificial+intelligence&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip_f2R_PmGAxXjQjABHcPAADE4MhDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Computer Simulation of Behaviour |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-8566-0 |series=Routledge Library Editions: Artificial intelligence |location=London New York |pages=123 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWbqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31&dq=claude+shannon+chess+artificial+intelligence&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwinxqav-vmGAxU7t4QIHZxJDDA4FBDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Debugging Game History: A Critical Lexicon |date=2016-06-03 |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-33194-4 |editor-last=Lowood |editor-first=Henry |pages=31–32 |language=en |doi=10.7551/mitpress/10087.001.0001 |editor-last2=Guins |editor-first2=Raiford}}</ref> and also his Theseus machine was the first electrical device to learn by trial and error, being one of the first examples of artificial intelligence.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Rodney |author-link=Rodney Brooks |date=2022-01-25 |title=How Claude Shannon Helped Kick-start Machine Learning |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/claude-shannon-information-theory |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ieeespectrum |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MIT"/> He also co-organized and participated in the [[Dartmouth workshop]] of 1956, considered the founding event of the field of artificial intelligence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=John |last2=Minsky |first2=Marvin L. |last3=Rochester |first3=Nathaniel |last4=Shannon |first4=Claude E. |date=2006-12-15 |title=A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955 |url=https://ojs.aaai.org/aimagazine/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1904 |journal=AI Magazine |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=12–12 |doi=10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904 |issn=2371-9621}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomonoff |first=Grace |date=2023-05-06 |title=The Meeting of the Minds That Launched AI |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/dartmouth-ai-workshop |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ieeespectrum |language=en}}</ref>
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