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Formerly part of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] colonies of the [[Magna Graecia]], the municipal area used to host strategic Roman settlements during the [[Roman Republic|late Republican]]-[[Roman Empire|early Imperial]] times, like most of the southern [[Tyrrhenian Sea|Tyrrhenian]] coast. Archaeological excavations have brought to light several finds dating back to as early as the [[3rd century BC]] pertaining to at least two villas. One of those was located in the vicinity of the coastline and was part of a larger thermal complex. The other was positioned internally and likely served as a productive belt between [[cereal]] crops in the plain and [[olive]] crops and [[vineyard]]s on the hill.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.deamicisonline.it/periodo-romano/ Periodo Romano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815113126/http://www.deamicisonline.it/periodo-romano/ |date=2020-08-15 }}, 2018-09-30</ref>
The town was first given its modern name in [[1080]] within a bureaucratic document of the [[County of Apulia and Calabria|Duchy of Apulia and Calabria]] addressed to the local Catholic diocese. It is generally believed that the name ''Battipaglia'' is formed by the union of ''batti'' (to thresh) and ''paglia'' (
Battipaglia as a definite township was formally created by [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]] in 1858, as the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] authorities designated the place as the site of an agricultural colony where families who had survived the [[1857 Basilicata earthquake]] could be rehoused. It was eventually granted the status of independent municipality by a Royal Decree on March 28, 1929 (during the [[Mussolini Cabinet]]), comprising parts of the territories which had been previously included in the nearby towns of [[Eboli]] and [[Montecorvino Rovella]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Cestaro|first= Antonio|date= 1984|title= Il terremoto del 1857 in Basilicata e nel Salernitano: la fondazione della colonia agricola di Battipaglia|journal= Ricerche di Storia Sociale e Religiosa |volume= 13|pages= 17–68}}</ref>
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