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A genetic study published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' in November 2019 examined the remains of six Latin males buried near [[Rome]] between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup R-M269|R-M269]], [[Haplogroup T-M184#T1a1a (L208)|T-L208]], [[Haplogroup R-M269|R-P311]], R-PF7589 and [[Haplogroup R-M269#R-P312|R-P312]] (two samples), and the maternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)#H1|H1aj1a]], [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T2c1f]], [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)#H2|H2a]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U4|U4a1a]], [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)#H11|H11a]] and [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)#H10|H10]].{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|loc=Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 29-32, 36-37}} These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of 30% [[steppe ancestry]].{{Sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|p=4 Table S15}} Two out of six individuals from Latin burials were found have a mixture of local Iron Age ancestry and ancestry from an [[Aegean Sea|Eastern mediterranean]] population. Among modern populations, four out of six were closest to [[Northern Italy|Northern]] and [[Central Italy|Central Italians]], and then Spaniards, while the other two were closest to Southern Italians.{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|p=2}} Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, [[Etruscans]] and the preceding proto-Villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|p=3}}
Examined individuals from the city of Rome during the time of the [[Roman Empire]] (27 BCE – 300 CE) bore far less genetic resemblance to Rome's founding populations, and were instead shifted towards the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and [[Middle East]]. The Imperial population of Rome was found to have been extremely diverse, with barely any of the examined individuals being of primarily local, central Italian ancestry. It was suggested that the observed genetic shift in the city's founding populations was a result of heavy migration of merchants and slaves from the populous urban centres of the Middle East and Greece.<ref>{{harvnb|Antonio et al.|2019|p=4}}. "[C]ompared to Iron Age individuals, the Imperial population shares more alleles with early Bronze Age Jordanians... Notably, only 2 out of 48 Imperial-era individuals fall in the European cluster (C7) to which 8 out of 11 Iron Age individuals belong... [F]ew Imperial individuals (n = 2) have strong genetic affinities to western Mediterranean populations."</ref> During late antiquity, after the Imperial era, Rome's population was drastically reduced as a result of political instability, epidemics and economic changes. In this period, more local or central Italian ancestry is evident in Rome; its inhabitants started to again approximate present-day Italians, and can be modeled as a genetic mixture of Imperial-era inhabitants of the city of Rome and populations from central or northern Italy.<ref>[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay6826 Supplementary Materials for "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" (page 27)]</ref> <!-- Under supplemental information from Antonio et al. 2019 study: ""In this time period, the average ancestry of our Italian samples shifts substantially toward mainland Europe and starts to approximate that of present-day Italians, as illustrated in PCA (Fig. 3D) and formally tested by f4 statistics (Table S23). ... our Italian samples in Late Antiquity can be approximated by two-way mixtures of preceding Imperial samples and one of several modern populations from central and northern Italy (p>0.04). These results can be loosely interpreted as the genetic makeup of Late Antique individuals being intermediate between those of Imperial and modern individuals. In other words, there are both continuity and consistent shifts in the ancestry of central Italians since the Imperial period." --> --> In the following Early Medieval period, invasions of barbarians may have brought central and/or northern European ancestry into Rome, resulting in the further loss of genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By the [[Middle Ages]], the people of Rome again genetically resembled central and southern European populations.<ref>{{harvnb|Wade|2019|p=673}}. "People from the city's earliest eras and from after the Western empire's decline in the fourth century C.E. genetically resembled other Western Europeans. But during the imperial period most sampled residents had Eastern Mediterranean or Middle Eastern ancestry... The study suggests the vast majority of immigrants to the city came from the East. Of 48 individuals sampled from this period, only two showed strong genetic ties to Europe... Invading barbarians brought in more European ancestry. Rome gradually lost its strong genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By medieval times, city residents again genetically resembled European populations."</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC&q=history+of+human+genes|title=The History and Geography of Human Genes|page=295|isbn=978-0691087504|last1=Cavalli-Sforza|first1=Luigi Luca|last2=Menozzi|first2=Paolo|last3=Cavalli-Sforza|first3=Luca|last4=Piazza|first4=Alberto|last5=Cavalli-Sforza|first5=Luigi|year=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date= 2019 |title=Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean |journal = Science| volume= 366 |issue = 6466| pages=708–714| doi = 10.1126/science.aay6826 |pmid = 31699931 |pmc=7093155 |last1 = Antonio |first1 = M|last2 = Gao |first2 = Z |last3 = Lucci |first3 = M |bibcode=2019Sci...366..708A |display-authors = etal}}</ref><ref name="Sarno2017">{{cite journal|date = 2017|title=Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean |volume=7|issue=1|journal=Scientific Reports|pages=1984|doi= 10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4|pmid=28512355 |pmc=5434004| last1 = Sarno | first1 = S | last2 = Boattini | first2 = A | last3 = Pagani| first3 = L |display-authors = etal|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.1984S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555|volume=11|issue=5|pages=e1001555|journal=PLOS Biology|pmid=23667324|pmc=3646727|year=2013 | last1 = Ralph | first1 = P | last2 = Coop | first2 = G |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=DiGaetanoo2009>"The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.", {{cite journal |date = 2009 |title = Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome |journal = European Journal of Human Genetics |volume = 17 |issue = 1 |pages = 91–99 |doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2008.120 |pmid = 18685561 |pmc=2985948 |last1 = Di Gaetano |first1 = C |last2 = Cerutti |first2 = N |last3 = Crobu |first3 = F |display-authors = etal }}</ref><ref name=Raveane2019>{{cite journal |last1=Raveane |first1=A. |last2=Aneli |first2=S. |last3=Montinaro |first3=F. |last4=Athanasiadis |first4=G. |last5=Barlera |first5=S. |last6=Birolo |first6=G. |last7=Boncoraglio |first7=G. |title=Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe |journal=Science Advances |date=4 September 2019 |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=eaaw3492|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492 |pmid=31517044 |pmc=6726452|bibcode=2019SciA....5.3492R }}</ref>
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