Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
||
Line 23:
| langs = [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]]<br>
| rels = {{hlist|[[Roman Catholicism]] | [[Protestantism]] | [[Afro-Brazilian religions]] | [[Non-religious]] | [[Religion in Brazil|others]]}}
| related_groups = Other [[Afro-Latin Americans|peoples of African descent in Latin America]]
}}
'''Afro-Brazilians''' ({{lang-pt|afro-brasileiros}}; {{IPA|pt|ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus|pron}}) are an ethno-racial group consisting of [[Brazilians]] with full or mainly [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n ancestry. Most multiracial Brazilians
''[[Black people#Brazil|Preto]]'' ("black") and ''[[Pardo Brazilians|pardo]]'' ("brown/mixed") are among five ethnic categories used by the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE), along with ''[[White Brazilians|branco]]'' ("white"), ''[[Asian Brazilians|amarelo]]'' ("yellow", ethnic East Asian), and ''[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indígena]]'' (indigenous). In the 2022 census, 20.7 million Brazilians (10,2% of the population) identified as ''preto'', while 92.1 million (45,3% of the population) identified as ''pardo'', together making up 55.5% of Brazil's population.<ref name="census2022">{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | title=Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem | date=22 December 2023 | access-date=22 December 2023 | archive-date=22 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222234415/https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | url-status=live }}</ref> The term ''preto'' is usually used to refer to those with the darkest skin colour, so as a result of this many Brazilians of African descent identify themselves as part of the ''pardo'' category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-11 |title=Brazil - Migration, Urbanization, Population {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/Ongoing-domestic-migration |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Black movement in Brazil|Brazilian Black Movement]] considers ''pretos'' and ''pardos'' together as part of a single category: ''negros'' (Blacks). In 2010, this perspective gained official recognition when Brazilian Congress passed a law creating the Statute of Racial Equality. However, this definition is contested<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Pardos: os dilemas dos brasileiros que formam maior grupo étnico-racial segundo Censo 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/czkj31p8n20o |access-date=2024-06-01 |publisher=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PERGUNTAS FREQUENTES |url=https://unilab.edu.br/perguntas-frequentes-sepir/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=unilab.edu.br}}</ref> since a portion of ''pardos'' are acculturated indigenous people or people with indigenous and European rather than African ancestry, especially in [[Northern Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Souza |first=Etelvina |date=2023-08-26 |title=Dilemas de brasileiros pardos-mestiços que vivem em 'limbo racial' |url=https://emtempo.com.br/165633/pais/dilemas-de-brasileiros-pardos-mesticos-que-vivem-em-limbo-racial/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Portal Em Tempo |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.geledes.org.br/em-debate/negro-e-uma-construcao-social-afirma-especialista-do-ibge.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017030048/http://www.geledes.org.br/em-debate/negro-e-uma-construcao-social-afirma-especialista-do-ibge.html| archive-date=17 October 2010 |title=Em Debate |publisher=Geledes.org.br |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="laboratoriogene">{{cite web|first=Sérgio Danilo|last=Pena|url=http://www.laboratoriogene.com.br/geneImprensa/2009/pensamento.pdf|title=Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional|trans-title=From racial thought to rational thought|language=pt|publisher=laboratoriogene.com.br|date=11 September 2009|access-date=12 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153347/http://www.laboratoriogene.com.br/geneImprensa/2009/pensamento.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> A survey from the early 2000s revealed that if the ''pardo'' category were removed from the census, at least half of those identifying as ''pardo'' would instead choose to identify as black.<ref name=":77" />
During the slavery period between the 16th and 19th centuries, Brazil received approximately four to five million Africans, who constituted about 40% of all Africans brought to the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.folhape.com.br/diversao/diversao/literatura/2018/12/02/NWS,89165,71,585,DIVERSAO,2330-ENTREVISTA-COM-LAURENTINO-GOMES-MERGULHO-ORIGEM-EXCLUSAO-SOCIAL.aspx|title=Entrevista com Laurentino Gomes: um mergulho na origem da exclusão social|language=pt|publisher=Folha de Pernambuco|access-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228005706/http://www3.folhape.com.br/diversao/diversao/literatura/2018/12/02/NWS,89165,71,585,DIVERSAO,2330-ENTREVISTA-COM-LAURENTINO-GOMES-MERGULHO-ORIGEM-EXCLUSAO-SOCIAL.aspx|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many Africans who escaped slavery fled to ''[[quilombos]]'', communities where they could live freely and resist oppression. In 1850, Brazil determined the definitive prohibition of the [[transatlantic slave trade]] and in 1888 the country abolished slavery, making it the last one in the Americas to do so. With the largest Afro-descendant population outside of Africa, Brazil's cultural, social, and economic landscape has been profoundly shaped by Afro-Brazilians. Their contributions are especially notable in sports, cuisine, literature, music, and dance, with elements like [[samba]], ''[[bossa nova]]'', and [[capoeira]] reflecting their heritage. In contemporary times, Afro-Brazilians still face socioeconomic disparities and racial discrimination and continue the fight for racial equality and social justice.
Line 34:
==Brazilian census categories==
{{Main|Race and ethnicity in Brazil}}
Currently, the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE) uses five race or color categories in the census: ''[[White Brazilians|branca]]'' (white), ''[[Pardo Brazilians|parda]]'' (brown/mixed), ''preta'' (black), ''[[Asian Brazilians|amarela]]'' (yellow, ethnic East Asian) and ''[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indígena]]'' (indigenous). In the 1940 census, respondents were asked for their color or race, and if the answer was not "white", "black", or "yellow", interviewers marked the "color or race" box with a slash. These slashes were later aggregated into the category ''pardo'', which included individuals who identified as ''pardo'', ''moreno'', ''mulato'', ''caboclo'', indigenous, etc. In subsequent censuses, ''pardo'' was formalized as its own category,<ref>IBGE. [https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/67/cd_1950_v1_br.pdf Censo Demográfico], p. XVIII.</ref> while
''Pardo'' literally translates to [[Brown (racial classification)|brown]], but it can also refer to racial mixture. Activists and scholars associated with the [[Brazilian Black movement]] argue that the inclusion of this category in the census distorts Brazil's demographic depiction. They contend that the ideological privileging of whiteness in Brazilian society leads many Brazilians to ‘deny their blackness’ and ‘lighten’ themselves on the census by choosing the ''pardo'' category. Many black movement actors prefer the term ''[[negro]]'', defining it as the sum of individuals who self-classify as brown (''pardo'') and black (''preto'') in the census. Many scholars and social scientists have also combined the brown and black categories in their studies, using terms such as ''Afro-descendente'', Afro-Brazilian, or ''negro''.<ref name=":77" />
{{multiple image
In 2010, the Brazilian Congress passed the Estatuto da Igualdade Racial (Statute of Racial Equality). The law adopts the racial term ''negro'' to refer to individuals who self-identify as black and brown according to the IBGE race or color classification. Although evidence suggests that blacks and browns have similar socio-economic profiles and indicators of material well-being compared to whites, some researchers note that it is problematic to collapse ''pretos'' and ''pardos'' into a collective black category because a significant part of Brazilians who self-identify as ''pardo'' are of mixed European and indigenous ancestry, not African. A survey conducted in the early 2000s with a sample of 2,364 people from 102 municipalities showed that if the "brown" category were removed and Brazilians had to choose between "black" or "white", the population would appear 68% white and 32% black. In this binary format, 44% of those identifying as brown would choose the white category.<ref name=":77" /> According to a 2000 survey held in [[Rio de Janeiro]], the entire self-reported ''preto'' population reported to have African ancestry. 86% of the self-reported ''pardo'' and 38% of the self-reported white population reported to have African ancestors. It is notable that 14% of the ''pardos'' from Rio de Janeiro said they have no African ancestors. This percentage may be even higher in [[Northern Brazil]], where there was a greater ethnic contribution from Amerindian populations.<ref name="Telles">{{Cite book |author=Edward Eric Telles |title=Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-691-11866-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell/page/81 81–85] |chapter=Racial Classification |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell/page/81}}</ref>▼
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Camila Pitanga 25° PMB.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Actress [[Camila Pitanga]] self-identifies as black, but only 27% of Brazilians consider her as such and 36% view her as ''parda'', according to a [[Datafolha]] survey.<ref name="data">{{Cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/especial/fj2311200827.htm|title=Cor de celebridades revela critérios "raciais" do Brasil|publisher = Folha de S.Paulo}}</ref>
| image2 = Senadores da 57ª Legislatura (52689451805).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Former soccer player [[Romário]] is seen as ''pardo'' by 51% of Brazilians and as Black by 31%, according to a Datafolha survey.<ref name="data"/>
}}
▲In 2010, the Brazilian Congress passed the Estatuto da Igualdade Racial (Statute of Racial Equality). The law adopts the racial term ''negro'' to refer to individuals who self-identify as black and brown according to the IBGE race or color classification. Although evidence suggests that blacks and browns have similar socio-economic profiles and indicators of material well-being compared to whites, some researchers note that it is problematic to collapse ''pretos'' and ''pardos'' into a collective black category because
The fusion of ''pretos'' and ''pardos'' into ''negros''
Two IBGE surveys, the 1976 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and the July 1998 Monthly Employment Survey (PME), have been analyzed to assess how Brazilians think of themselves in racial terms. The results of these surveys show that a great number of racial terms are in use in Brazil,<ref name="grillo">Cristina Grillo, "[http://almanaque.folha.uol.com.br/racismo05.pdf Brasil quer ser chamado de moreno e só 39% se autodefinem como brancos]", ''[[Folha de S. Paulo]]'', 25 June 1995. (PDF) Accessed 19 September 2010.</ref><ref name=":6">José Luiz Petruccelli. ''[https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?view=detalhes&id=27099 A Cor Denominada]'', p. 18–19</ref> but most of these terms are used by small numbers of people. [[Edward Telles]] notes that 95% of the population used only six different terms (''branco, moreno,{{efn|Said of, or someone who has black hair and slightly dark skin; of the colour of ripe wheat. / In Brazil, an ironic or euphemistic designation given to blacks and mulattos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dicionariodoaurelio.com/Moreno|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123211/http://www.dicionariodoaurelio.com/Moreno|archive-date=10 July 2011|title=Moreno|publisher=Dicionario do Aurelio }}</ref>}} pardo, moreno-claro, preto'' and ''negro''). Petruccelli shows that the seven most common responses (the above plus ''amarela'') sum up 97% of responses, and the 10 most common (the previous plus ''mulata'', ''clara'', and ''morena-escura'' – dark brunette) make 99%.<ref name=":6" /> Racial classifications in Brazil are based primarily on skin color and on other physical characteristics such as facial features, hair texture, etc.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | pmc=140919 | pmid=12509516 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 | volume=100 | issue=1 | title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians | date=January 2003 | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | pages=177–82 | last1 = Parra | first1 = FC | last2 = Amado | first2 = RC | last3 = Lambertucci | first3 = JR | last4 = Rocha | first4 = J | last5 = Antunes | first5 = CM | last6 = Pena | first6 = SD| bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P | doi-access=free }} 2nd paragraph: ''Color (in Portuguese, cor) denotes the Brazilian equivalent of the English term race (raça) and is based on a complex phenotypic evaluation that takes into account, besides skin pigmentation, hair type, nose shape, and lip shape''</ref> This is a poor scientific indication of ancestry, because only a few genes are responsible for someone's skin color: a person who is considered White may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered Black, and vice versa.<ref name="BBC delves into Brazilians' roots">Silvia Salek, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6284806.stm "BBC delves into Brazilians' roots"], BBC Brasil, 10 July 2007, accessed 13 July 2009.</ref> But, as race is a social construct, these classifications relate to how people are perceived and perceive themselves in society. In Brazil, class and economic status also affect how individuals are perceived.
Line 52 ⟶ 65:
===Slavery===
{{Main|Slavery in Brazil|Atlantic slave trade}}
The first Spaniards and Portuguese explorers in [[the Americas]] initially enslaved [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian populations]].<ref name="Klein, Herbert S 1986. p. 22">Klein, Herbert S. ''African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 22.</ref><ref>Thornton, John. ''Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 130–131.</ref> In the case of the Portuguese, the weakness of the political systems of the Tupi-Guarani Amerindian groups they conquered on the Brazilian coastline, and the inexperience of these Amerindians with systematic peasant labor, made them easy to exploit through non-coercive labor arrangements.<ref name="Klein, Herbert S 1986. p. 22" /> However, several factors prevented the system of Amerindian slavery from being sustained in Brazil. For example, Native American populations were not numerous or accessible enough to meet all demands of the settlers for labor. In many cases, exposure to European diseases caused high levels of mortality among the Amerindian population, to such an extent that workers became scarce.<ref name="Thornton, John 1800. p. 134">Thornton (1998), ''Africa and Africans'', p. 134.</ref> Historians estimate that about 30,000 Amerindians under the rule of the Portuguese died in a [[smallpox]] epidemic in the 1560s.<ref name=":2">Klein (1986), ''African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean,'' p. 41-42</ref> The Iberian conquerors could not attract sufficient settlers from their own countries to the colonies and, after 1570, they began increasingly to bring enslaved people who had been kidnapped in Africa as a primary labor force.<ref name="Thornton, John 1800. p. 134" /><ref name=":2" />
Line 61 ⟶ 74:
The nature of the work that slaves did had a direct effect on aspects of slaves' lives such as life expectancy and family formation. An example from an early inventory of African slaves (1569–71) from the plantation of Sergipe do Conde in Bahia shows that he owned nineteen males and one female. These uneven gender-ratios combined with the high mortality rate related to the physical duress that working in a mine or on a sugar plantation (for example) could have on a slave's body. The effect was often that many New World slave economies, including Brazil, relied on a constant importation of new slaves to replace those who had died.<ref>Thornton, ''Africa and Africans'', (1998), p. 164-167.</ref>
With Brazil’s proximity to Africa, it was easy for the Portuguese to continue transporting Africans to Brazil when enslaved people ran away or died. Not all Africans and their descendants were enslaved, some were free and others were able to buy their freedom by earning money for their services.<ref name=":
[[File:Debretberimbau.jpg|thumb|Berimbau player, by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]], 1826]]
[[File:Negro fandango scene.jpg|thumb|Afro-Brazilians dancing a [[jongo]], c. 1822]]
Line 77 ⟶ 90:
===Origins of Blacks===
[[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries]]
''The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database'' project estimated that, during the slave trade, 4,821,126 Africans disembarked in Brazil. After thorough analyses in Africa and the Americas, researchers were able to trace the origins of the Africans brought to Brazil. About 70% of the slaves disembarked in Brazil came from Central-Western Africa. Today, this region includes the countries of Angola, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref name="voyage"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="float: center;"
|-
! colspan="4" | Origin of Africans brought to Brazil<ref name="voyage">{{cite web |url=http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces |title=Regiões de origem dos Africanos desembarcados no Brasil|date=2015 |access-date=June 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027021745/http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces |archive-date=October 27, 2013|url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! Region of origin!! Number of people!! Percentage !!Countries in the current region
|-
| West Central Africa
| 3,377,870 || 70,1% || [[Angola]], [[Republic of Congo]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|-
| [[Bight of Benin]]
| 867,945 || 17,9% || Eastern part of [[Nigeria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[Gabon]]
|-
| Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean Islands
| 276,441 || 5,7% ||[[Mozambique]] and [[Madagascar]]
|-
| [[Senegambia]]
| 108,114 || 2,2% ||[[Senegal]] and [[Gambia]]
|-
| [[Bight of Biafra]]
| 114,651 || 2,4% ||[[Togo]], [[Benin]] and western Nigeria
|-
| [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]]
| 61,624 || 1,3%|| [[Ghana]] and western [[Ivory Coast]]
|-
| Sierra Leone
| 8,320 || 0,2%|| [[Sierra Leone]]
|-
| Windward Coast
| 6,161|| 0,1% ||[[Liberia]] and Ivory Coast
|-
| Totals
| 4,821,126
|
|
|}
The Africans brought to Brazil belonged to two major groups: the West African and the [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] people. The West Africans mostly belong to the [[Yoruba people]], who became known as the "nagô". The word derives from ''ànàgó'', a derogatory term used by the [[Dahomey]] to refer to Yoruba-speaking people. The Dahomey enslaved and sold large numbers of Yoruba, largely of [[Oyo Empire|Oyo]] heritage. Slaves descended from the Yoruba are strongly associated with the [[Candomblé]] religious tradition.<ref>{{cite book | last = Falola | first = Toyin | title = Encyclopedia of the Yoruba | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington | year = 2016 | isbn = 9780253021441 | pages = 95–96}}</ref> Other slaves belonged to the [[Fon people]] and other neighboring ethnic groups.<ref name="historytoday.com">John Geipel, [http://www.historytoday.com/john-geipel/brazils-african-legacy "Brazil's African Legacy"], ''History Today'', Vol. 47, Issue 8, August 1997.</ref> [[Bantu peoples|Bantu people]] were mostly brought from present-day [[Angola]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], most belonging to the [[Kongo people|Bakongo]] or [[Ambundu]] ethnic groups. Bantu slaves were also taken from coastal [[Mozambique]]. They were sent in large scale to [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Minas Gerais]], and Northeastern Brazil.<ref name="historytoday.com"/>
[[Gilberto Freyre]] noted the major differences between these groups. Some Sudanese peoples, such as [[Hausa people|Hausa]], [[Fula people|Fula]] and others, were [[Islamic]] and spoke Arabic and many of them could read and write in this language. Muslim slaves were brought from northern Mozambique. Freyre noted that many enslaved Africans were better educated than their masters, because many Muslim slaves were literate in Arabic, while many [[Portuguese Brazilian]] masters could not read or write in Portuguese.<ref name="historytoday.com"/> These slaves of greater [[Arab]] and [[Berber people|Berber]] influence were largely sent to Bahia. These Muslim slaves, known as ''Malê'' in Brazil, produced one of the greatest slave revolts in the Americas, known as the [[Malê Revolt]], when in 1835 they tried to take control of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], until then the largest city of the American continent.<ref name="Freyre, Gilberto 2006">Freyre, Gilberto. ''Casa-Grande e Senzala'', 51st edn, 2006. {{ISBN|85-260-0869-2}}.{{Vague|date=September 2010}}<!-- Page number, please. --></ref>
Line 101 ⟶ 152:
Political elites in Brazil actively promoted European immigration to "[[Branqueamento|whiten]]" the population, banning African and Asian immigration in 1891. To incentivize European immigration, the federal government subsidized travel to Brazil until 1927. European and white Brazilian workers were favored in factory jobs over Brazilians of African descent, who were often relegated to domestic and plantation labor. Afro-Brazilians established their own social and cultural institutions to support each other. In Salvador, they founded religious brotherhoods like Rosário às Portas do Carmo (1888-1938). The Sociedade Protectora dos Desvalidos, created in 1832, was an early mutual aid society for Afro-Brazilians. There were also religiously affiliated groups led by Afro-Brazilian women, such as the Irmãndade de Boa Morte in Bahia. Facing exclusion from white social clubs, Afro-Brazilians formed their own organizations, including the Luvas Pretas in 1904 and the Palmares Civic Center in 1927, which served as a library and meeting place.
Afro-Brazilians challenged racial exclusion through cultural and political movements. Notably, in 1928, they protested a decree barring them from enlisting in the São Paulo Civil Guard. The [[Brazilian Black Front]] (Frente Negra Brasileira), Brazil's first black political party, was founded in 1931 to fight racism but was disbanded six years later during [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Getúlio Vargas’s New State period]] (1937-1945), which restricted political activities. Although this period was repressive, Vargas's 1931 Law of Naturalization of Labor, favoring Brazilian-born workers over European immigrants, garnered some Afro-Brazilian support for him. Before the 1940s, Afro-Brazilians also created their own newspapers and dance groups, with a small black elite leading intellectual thought in [[São Paulo]]’s Black Press.<ref name=":
==Demographics==
Line 110 ⟶ 161:
|[[File:Evolução da população brasileira conforme a cor (1872-1991).jpg|thumb|{{center|Population growth<br />White people in white color<br />''Pardos'' in black<br />Black in yellow<br />Asians are very few<ref name="reis">REIS, João José. "Presença Negra: conflitos e encontros". In ''Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento''. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2000. p. 94 apud {{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm |title=Página 404 | IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |access-date=2009-09-10 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329071405/http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm |archive-date=29 March 2009}} (retrieved 22 August 2008). Notice how the source groups Amerindians and "pardos", not "pardos" and Blacks.{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm |title=Página 404 | IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |access-date=2009-09-10 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531140352/http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm |archive-date=31 May 2009}}</ref>}}]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[File:Evolução da população brasileira conforme a cor - percentuais (1872-1991).jpg|thumb|{{center|Percentual in overall population<br />White people in white<br />
|}
Line 434 ⟶ 485:
==Media==
[[File:
Brazil has produced soap operas since the 1960s, but it was only in 1996 that a black actress, [[Taís Araújo]], was the protagonist of a telenovela, playing the role of the famous slave [[Chica da Silva]]. In 2002, Araújo was the protagonist of another soap opera, being the only Black actress to have a more prominent role in a TV production of Brazil. Black actors in Brazil are usually required to follow stereotypes and are usually in subordinate and submissive roles, as
Another common stereotype is of the "[[Mammy archetype|old mammies]]". In 1970, in the soap ''A Cabana do Pai Tomás'' (based on American novel ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'') a white actor, Sérgio Cardoso, played Thomas, who was a black man in the book. The actor had to paint his body in black to look black. The choice of a White actor to play a black character caused major protests in Brazil.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} In 1975 the telenovela ''Gabriela'' was produced, based on a book by [[Jorge Amado]], who described Gabriela, the main character, as a ''[[mulatto#Brazil|mulata]]''. But to play Gabriela on television [[Rede Globo]] chose [[Sônia Braga]], who is an olive-skinned woman. The producer claimed he "did not find any talented Black actress" for the role of Gabriela. In 2001 Rede Globo produced ''[[Porto dos Milagres]]'', also based on a book by Jorge Amado. In the book Amado described a [[Bahia]] full of blacks. In the Rede Globo's soap opera, on the other hand, almost all the cast was white. The same situation has been seen in the 2018 telenovela
In the fashion world
== Culture ==
{{Main|Afro-Brazilian culture}}
Carnival in Brazil is the traditional combination of a Roman Catholic festival with the lively celebrations of people of African ancestry. It evolved principally in urban coastal areas, notably in the former plantation zones along the coast between Recife and Rio de Janeiro. Salvador’s Carnival is less highly commercialized and has a stronger African component.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Brazil - Culture, Diversity, Music {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/Cultural-life |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
===Religion===
Line 494 ⟶ 545:
Particularly important among sports is [[capoeira]], itself a creation of Black Brazilians; important "Mestres" (masters) include [[Mestre Amen Santo]], [[Mestre Bimba]],<ref>Lopes. ''Enciclopédia brasileira da diáspora africana'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=88KI6pZyjDwC&pg=PA120 p. 120.]</ref> [[Mestre Cobra Mansa]], [[Mestre João Grande]], [[Mestre João Pequeno]], [[Mestre Moraes]], [[Mestre Pastinha]],<ref>Lopes, ''Enciclopédia brasileira da diáspora africana'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=88KI6pZyjDwC&pg=PA516 p. 516.]</ref> [[Mestre Pé de Chumbo]].
Since the end of the 1980s, the political participation of Afro-Brazilians has increased. Some important politicians include former mayor of São Paulo [[Celso Pitta]],<ref name="Oliveira2009"/>{{rp|37}} former governor of Rio Grande do Sul, [[Alceu Collares]],<ref name="Lopes2004"/>{{rp|197}} former governor of Espírito Santo, [[Albuíno Cunha de Azeredo|Albuíno Azeredo]].<ref name="Lopes2004"/>{{rp|84}} Of the 170 justices who have served on the [[Supreme Federal Court]] since its inception during the imperial period, only three have been Black, with [[Joaquim Barbosa]] being the most recent, serving from 2003 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribunais Superiores têm apenas 3,8% de ministros negros ou pardos |url=https://www.migalhas.com.br/amp/quentes/397105/tribunais-superiores-tem-apenas-3-8-de-ministros-negros-ou-pardos |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.migalhas.com.br}}</ref>
Afro-Brazilians have also excelled as actors, such as [[Lázaro Ramos]],<ref name="Lopes2004"/>{{rp|558}} [[Ruth de Souza]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geledes.org.br/ruth-de-souza-a-nossa-estrela-maior/#gs.u9gRm6Y|title=Ruth de Souza – A nossa estrela maior|trans-title=Ruth de Souza – Our biggest star|language=pt|publisher=Geledés Black Women's Institute|date=30 July 2010|access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref> [[Lourdes de Oliveira]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55qlWjbs14sC&q=Lourdes+de+Oliveira&pg=PA115|title=The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made|date=21 February 2004|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780312326111|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Zózimo Bulbul]],<ref name=globo>{{cite news |title=Morre o ator e cineasta Zózimo Bulbul, aos 75 anos |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/morre-ator-cineasta-zozimo-bulbul-aos-75-anos-7385481 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124205712/http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/morre-ator-cineasta-zozimo-bulbul-aos-75-anos-7385481 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |work= [[O Globo]] |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref> [[Milton Gonçalves]],<ref name="Lopes2004"/>{{rp|302}} [[Mussum]], [[Zezé Motta]],<ref name="Lopes2004"/> and as dancers, like [[Isa Soares]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fernández Bravo |first1=Nicolás |title=Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography |title-link=Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American Biography |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-199-93580-2 |editor1-last=Knight |editor1-first=Franklin W. |location=Oxford, England |chapter=Soares, Isa (1953– ), Afro-Brazilian dancer, dance instructor, and activist |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199935796.001.0001 |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis Jr.}}{{subscription required|via=[http://www.oxfordreference.com/ Oxford University Press]'s Reference Online}}</ref>
Line 500 ⟶ 551:
==See also==
{{Portal|Brazil|Africa}}
* [[Haitian Brazilians]]
* [[Nigerian Brazilians]]
| |||