Odysseas Androutsos: Difference between revisions

'''Odysseas Androutsos''' ({{lang-el|Οδυσσέας Ανδρούτσος}}; 1788-1790 – 1825; born '''Odysseas Verousis''' {{lang-el|Οδυσσέας Βερούσης}}) was a Greek [[armatolos]] in eastern [[Central Greece (geographic region)|continental Greece]] and a prominent figure of the [[Greek War of Independence]].<ref name="KoliopoulosVeremis2009">{{cite book | author1 = John S. Koliopoulos | author2 = Thanos M. Veremis | date = 27 October 2009 | title = Modern Greece: A History since 1821 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | pages = 21– | isbn = 978-1-4443-1483-0 | oclc = 1037469979 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qumwwKbI0TQC&pg=PA21}}</ref><ref name="Patten2021">{{cite book | author = Nigel Patten | date = 8 June 2021 | title = Byron: A Play in Three Acts | publisher = Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency | pages = | isbn = 978-1-68235-455-1 | oclc = 1258219244 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A1Y1EAAAQBAJ|quote=...Greek revolutionary Odysseas Androutsos}}</ref><ref name="MatthewTrundle2013">{{cite book | editor1 = Christopher Matthew | editor2 = Matthew Trundle | author = Philip de Souza | date = 19 May 2013 | title = Beyond the Gates of Fire: New Perspectives on the Battle of Thermopylae | publisher = Casemate Publishers | pages = | isbn = 978-1-78346-910-9 | oclc = 1047705748 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vfrLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233}}</ref><ref name="Gallant2015">{{cite book | author = Thomas W Gallant | date = 21 January 2015 | title = Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | pages = | isbn = 978-0-7486-3607-5 | oclc = 1062180277 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-vLcCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|quote=...and the Greek Odyseas Androutsos.}}</ref><ref name="Beckett2001">{{cite book | author = Ian F. W. Beckett | date = 26 July 2001 | title = Modern Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies: Guerrillas and their Opponents since 1750 | publisher = Routledge | pages = 9– | isbn = 978-1-134-55394-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vyJlkPPb3IcC&pg=PA9|quote=...Greek military commanders, such as Odysseas Androutsos}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Freely |first1=John |title=Strolling Through Athens: A Guide to the City |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-012650-1 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LwsMfucKngC |language=en |quote=The Greek commander Odysseus Androutsos then built a bastion around the spring so as to enclose it within the fortifications of the Acropolis}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mazower|2021|p=117}}: "The bewildering twists and turns of local leaders in the region shadowed Ali Pasha’s shifting fortunes. Three of his most trusted Albanian lieutenants switched to fight for the Sultan, and then against him, and then for him again, all within the space of a year. They had their Greek counterparts, men such as Georgios Karaïskakis and Odysseus Androutsos, both later hailed as heroes of the revolution."</ref>

 

 

When [[Ali Pasha of Ioannina#Rebellion and downfall|Ali Pasha rebelled]] against the Sultan, Androutsos initially supported Ali, but he abandoned besieged Yannina for the Ionian islands in October 1820. He joined the [[Greek War of Independence]] in 1821, and he was distinguished as a commander in the [[Battle of Gravia Inn]] in May 1821. As a result of the battle, he was appointed military commander of eastern mainland Greece by the Greek revolutionary government. Androutos was twice accused by the Greek revolutionary government of treachery owing to his negotiating initiative with his Albanian enemies as a means of effective distraction when he could not repel them.{{sfn|Papastamatiou|2021|p=404}} In 1824 Androutsos did not take sides in the [[Greek civil wars of 1823–1825|Greek civil war]]. After falling out with the rebels in 1825, he asked for and received amnesty from the Imperial court, switching allegiances permanently and joining the army of the Ottoman Albanian ruler [[Omer Vrioni]], pasha of Ioannina.{{sfn|Isabella|2023|pp=180–181}}{{sfn|Papastamatiou|2021|p=404}} In a battle near [[Livadeia]], he was captured by the units of the revolutionary army and executed a few days later.

[[File:Androutsos house Preveza 2008.jpg|thumb|The house of Androutsos's father in [[Preveza]] (2008).]]

 

 

Odysseas did not get to know his father, who was captured in 1792 and committed to an Ottoman jail, where he died.<ref name="Στάθης 2003 9"/> He was raised by his mother's family of wealthy ''notables'' from [[Preveza]], who also moved in [[Lefkada]] and [[Ithaki]].<ref name="Στάθης 2003 9"/> In the [[Ionian islands]], ruled by Western powers at the time, he grew up in a social environment that received [[modernity|modern]] ideas, including the reevaluation of [[ancient Greece|Greek antiquity]] by Greek Enlightenment scholars.<ref>{{harvnb|Στάθης|2003|pp=9}}</ref> After his mother's family participated in the failed defense of Preveza against the attack of Ali Pasha in 1798, they sought refuge to Lefkada, where Odysseas was raised for two years along with future poet Ioannis Zambelios.<ref>{{harvnb|Στάθης|2003|pp=10, 9}}</ref>