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Many of the more specific discussions in the philosophy of education concern the contents of the [[curriculum]]. This involves the questions of whether, when, and in what detail a certain topic, like [[sex education]] or [[religion]], should be taught. Other debates focus on the specific contents and methods used in [[Moral education|moral]], art, and [[science education]]. Some philosophers investigate the relation between education and [[Power (social and political)|power]], often specifically regarding the power used by modern states to [[compulsory education|compel]] children to attend school. A different issue is the problem of the [[Social equality|equality]] of education and factors threatening it, like [[discrimination]] and unequal [[distribution of wealth]]. Some philosophers of education promote a quantitative approach to [[educational research]], which follows the example of the [[natural sciences]] by using wide experimental studies. Others prefer a qualitative approach, which is closer to the methodology of the [[social sciences]] and tends to give more prominence to individual [[case studies]].
Various schools of philosophy have developed their own perspective on the main issues of education. [[Existentialists]] emphasize the role of [[Authenticity (philosophy)|authenticity]] while [[pragmatists]] give particular prominence to active learning and discovery. [[Feminists]] and [[postmodernists]] often try to uncover and challenge biases and forms of discrimination present in current educational practices. Other philosophical movements include [[perennialism]], [[Classical education in the Western world|classical education]], [[Educational essentialism|essentialism]], [[critical pedagogy]], and [[progressivism]]. The history of the philosophy of education started in [[ancient philosophy]] but only emerged as a systematic branch of philosophy in the latter half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tc.columbia.edu/arts-and-humanities/philosophy/ |title=Philosophy and Education |website=Teachers College - Columbia University |language=en |access-date=2017-04-29 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517135155/http://www.tc.columbia.edu/arts-and-humanities/philosophy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/humsocsci/courses/philosophy |title=Philosophy of Education - Courses - NYU Steinhardt |website=steinhardt.nyu.edu |language=en |access-date=2017-04-29 |archive-date=2017-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401043711/http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/humsocsci/courses/philosophy |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gse.harvard.edu/doctorate/doctor-philosophy-education |title=Doctor of Philosophy in Education |website=Harvard Graduate School of Education |language=en |access-date=2017-04-29 |archive-date=2017-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420130222/http://www.gse.harvard.edu/doctorate/doctor-philosophy-education |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NoddingsPOE />
== Definition ==
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