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{{Redirect|Human factors|the academic journal|Human Factors (journal){{!}}''Human Factors'' (journal)}}
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[[File:Practical Demonstrations of Ergonomic Principles.webm|thumb|Practical demonstrations of ergonomic principles]]
'''Ergonomics''', also known as '''human factors''' or '''human factors engineering''' ('''HFE'''), is the application of [[Psychology|psychological]] and [[Physiology|physiological]] principles to the [[engineering]] and design of products, processes, and systems. Primary goals of human factors engineering are to reduce [[human error]], increase [[productivity]] and system availability, and enhance [[safety]], [[health]] and comfort with a specific focus on the interaction between the human and equipment.<ref>{{
The field is a combination of numerous disciplines, such as [[psychology]], [[sociology]], [[engineering]], [[biomechanics]], [[industrial design]], [[physiology]], [[anthropometry]], [[interaction design]], [[visual design]], [[user experience]], and [[user interface design]]. Human factors research employs methods and approaches from these and other knowledge disciplines to study human behavior and generate data relevant to previously stated goals. In studying and sharing learning on the design of equipment, devices, and processes that fit the human body and its [[Cognition|cognitive]] abilities, the two terms, "human factors" and "ergonomics", are essentially synonymous as to their [[referent]] and [[Meaning (psychology)|meaning]] in current literature.<ref name=iso6385>[[ISO 6385]] defines "ergonomics" and the "study of human factors" similarly, as the "scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles and methods to design to optimize overall human performance."</ref><ref name=IEHFdef>{{cite web|title=What is ergonomics?|date=9 September 2023|publisher=[[Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors]]|quote=Essentially yes, they are different terms with the same meaning but one term may be more in favour in one country or in one industry than another. They can be used interchangeably.|url=https://www.keytools-ergonomics.co.uk/ergonomics/what-is-ergonomics/|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730093236/https://www.keytools-ergonomics.co.uk/ergonomics/what-is-ergonomics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=criop>{{cite web|title=CRIOP|url=https://www.sintef.no/upload/Teknologi_og_samfunn/Sikkerhet%20og%20p%c3%a5litelighet/Prosjekter/CRIOP/CRIOPReport.pdf|publisher=SINTEF|quote=Ergonomics is a scientific discipline that applies systematic methods and knowledge about people to evaluate and approve the interaction between individuals, technology and organisation. The aim is to create a working environment and the tools in them for maximum work efficiency and maximum worker health and safety ... Human factors is a scientific discipline that applies systematic methods and knowledge about people to evaluate and improve the interaction between individuals, technology and organisations. The aim is to create a working environment (that to the largest extent possible) contributes to achieving healthy, effective and safe operations.}}</ref>
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Bernardino Ramazzini was one of the first people to systematically study the illness that resulted from work earning himself the nickname "father of occupational medicine". In the late 1600s and early 1700s Ramazzini visited many worksites where he documented the movements of laborers and spoke to them about their ailments. He then published "De Morbis Artificum Diatriba" (Latin for Diseases of Workers) which detailed occupations, common illnesses, remedies.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1382|pmid = 11527763|pmc = 1446786|title = Bernardino Ramazzini: The Father of Occupational Medicine|journal = American Journal of Public Health|volume = 91|issue = 9|pages = 1382|year = 2001|last1 = Franco|first1 = Giuliano|last2 = Franco|first2 = Francesca}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[Frederick Winslow Taylor]] pioneered the "[[scientific management]]" method, which proposed a way to find the optimum method of carrying out a given task. Taylor found that he could, for example, triple the amount of coal that workers were shoveling by incrementally reducing the size and weight of coal shovels until the fastest shoveling rate was reached.<ref name="Meister">[https://yeniisfikirleribul.com/ergonomi-nedir-ergonomik-tasarim-ornekleri-2021/ Nikolayevich Myasishchev estia.com/library/1358216/the-history-of-human-factors-and-ergonomics] The History of Human Factors and Ergonomics{{Dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, David Meister</ref> [[Frank Gilbreth|Frank]] and [[Lillian Moller Gilbreth|Lillian Gilbreth]] expanded Taylor's methods in the early 1900s to develop the "[[time and motion study]]". They aimed to improve efficiency by eliminating unnecessary steps and actions. By applying this approach, the Gilbreths reduced the number of motions in [[bricklaying]] from 18 to 4.5,{{clarify|reason =what is .5 of a motion?|date=July 2019}} allowing bricklayers to increase their productivity from 120 to 350 bricks per hour.<ref name="Meister"/>
However, this approach was rejected by Russian researchers who focused on the well-being of the worker. At the [[First Conference on Scientific Organization of Labour]] (1921) [[Vladimir Bekhterev]] and [[Vladimir Nikolayevich Myasishchev]] criticised Taylorism. Bekhterev argued that "The ultimate ideal of the labour problem is not in it [Taylorism], but is in such organisation of the labour process that would yield a maximum of efficiency coupled with a minimum of health hazards, absence of fatigue and a guarantee of the sound health and all round personal development of the working people."<ref name =Moray>{{
|publisher = Routledge
|isbn = 9780415322577
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</ref> and the first published study of posture appearing in 1955.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hewes | first1 = G | year = 1955 | title = World Distribution of Certain Postural Habits | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 57 | issue = 2| pages = 231–244 | jstor = 666393 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1955.57.2.02a00040 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
As the American workforce began to shift towards sedentary employment, the prevalence of [WMSD/cognitive issues/ etc..] began to rise. In 1900, 41% of the US workforce was employed in agriculture but by 2000 that had dropped to 1.9%<ref>C. Dimitri, A. Effland, and N. Conklin, (2005) The 20th Century Transformation of U.S. Agriculture and Farm Policy, Economic Information Bulletin Number</ref> This coincides with an increase in growth in desk-based employment (25% of all employment in 2000)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wyatt | first1 = I. D. | year = 2006 | title = Occupational changes during the 20th century | journal = Monthly Lab. Rev. | volume = 129 | page = 35 }}</ref> and the surveillance of non-fatal workplace injuries by OSHA and Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1971.<ref>{{
Currently, there is a large proportion of the overall workforce who is employed in low physical activity occupations.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-13-296|pmid = 23557495|pmc = 3651291|title = The contribution of office work to sedentary behaviour associated risk|journal = BMC Public Health|volume = 13|pages = 296|year = 2013|last1 = Parry|first1 = Sharon|last2 = Straker|first2 = Leon | doi-access=free }}</ref> Sedentary behavior, such as spending long periods of time in seated positions poses a serious threat for injuries and additional health risks.<ref name="ccohs.ca">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health. (2019, March 15). (none). Retrieved February, 2019, from https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/sitting/sitting_overview.html</ref> Unfortunately, even though some workplaces make an effort to provide a well designed environment for sedentary employees, any employee who is performing large amounts of sitting will likely experience discomfort.<ref name="ccohs.ca"/>
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