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The "Lutyens–Jekyll" garden had hardy shrubbery and herbaceous plantings within a structural architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, herbaceous borders, and with plants such as lilies, lupins, delphiniums and lavender, was in contrast to the formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the 19th century. This "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times.
Lutyens's fame grew largely through the popularity of the new lifestyle magazine ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'' created by [[Edward Hudson (magazine owner)|Edward Hudson]], which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a great admirer of Lutyens's style and commissioned Lutyens for a number of projects, including [[Lindisfarne Castle]] and the ''Country Life'' headquarters building in London, at 8 [[Tavistock Street]]. One of his assistants in the 1890s was [[Maxwell Ayrton]].<ref>[http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200099 Ormrod Maxwell Ayrton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304021459/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200099 |date=4 March 2012 }} at scottisharchitects.org.uk, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref>
By the turn of the century, Lutyens was recognised as one of architecture's coming men. In his major study of English domestic buildings, ''[[Das englische Haus]]'', published in 1904, [[Hermann Muthesius]] wrote of Lutyens, "He is a young man who has come increasingly to the forefront of domestic architects and who may soon become the accepted leader among English builders of houses".{{sfn|Muthesius|1979|p=55}}
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[[File:Lutyens houses and gardens (1921) (14783718963).jpg|thumb|Ground floor plan of [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] ]]
The bulk of Lutyens's early work consisted of private houses in an [[Arts and Crafts]] style, strongly influenced by [[Tudor architecture]] and the [[vernacular architecture|vernacular]] styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood,{{sfn|Gradidge|1981|pp=27–31}} [[Tigbourne Court]], [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] and [[Goddards]] in [[Surrey]], [[Deanery Garden]] and [[Folly Farm, Sulhamstead|Folly Farm]] in Berkshire, [[Overstrand Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] and Le [[Bois des Moutiers]] in France.
After about 1900 this style gave way to a more conventional [[Classicism]], a change of direction which had a profound influence on wider British architectural practice. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new [[Hampstead Garden Suburb]] in London to [[Julius Drewe]]'s [[Castle Drogo]] near [[Drewsteignton]] in Devon and on to his contributions to [[Lutyens' Delhi|India's new imperial capital]], New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanisation scheme on [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] water gardens. He also designed the [[Hyderabad House]] for the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], as his Delhi palace and planned the layout for the [[Janpath]] and [[Rajpath]] roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Debiparna |date=1 January 2017|title=10 Interesting Facts about Sir Edwin Lutyens, the Architect Who Designed Most of New Delhi |url=https://www.vagabomb.com/10-Interesting-Facts-about-Sir-Edwin-Lutyens-the-Architect-Who-Designed-Most-of-New-Delhi/ |access-date=11 November 2022|website=vagabomb.com}}</ref>
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[[File:Portland.stone.cenotaph.london.arp.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Cenotaph]], [[Whitehall]], London]]
Before the end of [[World War I]], he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]) and was involved with the creation of [[World War I memorials|many monuments to commemorate the dead]]. Larger cemeteries have a [[Stone of Remembrance]], designed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|url-status=dead|title=Canadian Encyclopedia Monuments, World Wars I and II|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The best known of these monuments are [[The Cenotaph]] in [[Whitehall]], [[Westminster]], and the [[Memorial to the Missing of the Somme]], [[Thiepval]]. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by [[David Lloyd George]] as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a [[catafalque]], a low empty platform, but it was Lutyens's idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Lutyens also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by Lutyens's designs. Examples of Lutyens's other war memorials include the [[National War Memorial, Islandbridge|War Memorial Gardens]] in Dublin, the [[Tower Hill memorial]], the [[Manchester Cenotaph]] and the [[Arch of Remembrance]] memorial in Leicester.
[[File:Cenotaph sketch by Lutyens.jpg|thumb|Lutyens's design for [[The Cenotaph]]]]
Lutyens also refurbished [[Lindisfarne Castle]] for its wealthy owner.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=118–119}}
One of Lutyens's smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is [[The Salutation]], a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a {{convert|3.7|acre|adj=on}} garden, it was commissioned by [[Henry Farrer]], one of three sons of Sir [[William Farrer]].{{sfn|Newman|2013|p=539}}
[[File:100 King Street Manchester.jpg|thumb|upright|Lutyens's [[100 King Street|Midland Bank Building]] in Manchester, constructed in 1935|left]]
He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1918<ref name="gazette1">{{London Gazette|issue=30607|page=4026
|date=2 April 1918}}</ref> and elected a [[Royal Academician]] in March 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/edwin-lutyens-pra |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens {{!}} Artist {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts|website=royalacademy.org.uk |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In 1924, he was appointed a member of the newly created [[Royal Fine Art Commission]], a position he held until his death.<ref name="gazette3">{{London Gazette|issue=32942|page=4429|date=3 June 1924}}</ref>
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In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: [[Queen Mary's Dolls' House]]. This four-storey [[Palladian]] villa was built in 1/12 scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of [[Windsor Castle]]. It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children; its goal was to exhibit the finest British craftsmanship of the period.
Lutyens was commissioned in 1929 to design a new [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[Liverpool]]. He planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a {{Convert|510|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}} dome, with commissioned sculpture work by [[Charles Sargeant Jagger]] and [[W. C. H. King]]. Work on this building started in 1933, but was halted during [[World War II]]. After the war, the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of Lutyens's unrealised building was given to and restored by the [[Walker Art Gallery]] in 1975 and is now on display in the [[Museum of Liverpool]].<ref name=apollo>[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/ Conserving the Lutyens cathedral model, Liverpool museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202152343/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/ |date=2 February 2012 }}. Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref> The architect of the present [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral]], which was built over part of the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir [[Frederick Gibberd]].
In 1945, a year after his death, ''A Plan for the City & County of [[Kingston upon Hull]]'' was published. Lutyens worked on the plan with Sir [[Patrick Abercrombie]] and they are credited as its co-authors. Abercrombie's introduction in the plan makes special reference to Lutyens's contribution. The plan was, however, rejected by [[Hull City Council]]. He was also involved in the Royal Academy's planning for post-war London, an endeavour dismissed by [[Osbert Lancaster]] as "... not unlike what the new [[Nuremberg]] might have been had [[the Fuhrer]] enjoyed the inestimable advantage of the advice and guidance of the late Sir [[Aston Webb]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-edwin-lutyens/10029787.article|title=The rise and fall and rise of Edwin Lutyens|first1=Gavin|last1=Stamp|website=Architectural Review|date=19 November 1981}}</ref>
===Overseas commissions===
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Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the place where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market. It was there that Lutyens imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the D-shaped market seen today.
Many of the garden-ringed villas in the [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]] (LBZ)—also known as Lutyens' Delhi—that were part of Lutyens's original scheme for New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi. The LBZ was placed on the 2002 [[World Monuments Fund]] Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. None of the bungalows in the LBZ were designed by Lutyens—he only designed the four bungalows in the Presidential Estate surrounding Rashtrapati Bhavan at Willingdon Crescent, now known as Mother Teresa Crescent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lutyens himself designed only four bungalows |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |archive-date = 22 October 2012}}</ref> Other buildings in Delhi that Lutyens designed include [[Baroda House]], [[Bikaner House]], [[Hyderabad House]], and [[Patiala House Courts Complex|Patiala House]].<ref>Prakash, Om (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC Cultural History Of India]''. New Age International, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-224-1587-3}}. p. 217.</ref>
In recognition of his architectural accomplishments for the British Raj, Lutyens was made a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) on 1 January 1930.<ref name="gazette2">{{London Gazette
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}}</ref> As a chivalric order, the KCIE knighthood held precedence over his earlier [[knight bachelor|bachelor knighthood]].
A bust of Lutyens in the former Viceroy's House is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi. Lutyens's work in New Delhi is the focus of [[Robert Grant Irving]]'s book ''Indian Summer''.
In spite of his monumental work in India, Lutyens held views on the peoples of the Indian sub-continent which would now be considered racist, although they were common at the time among many of his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jun/23/biography.art |title=The Architect And His Wife, The Life of Edwin Lutyens |access-date=25 January 2014 |newspaper = The Guardian }}</ref> He thought the Indian Indo-Saracenic style was "formless, not of carved decoration, an anathema...hardly qualified as architecture at all." Endless battles were fought between him and Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Hardinge]] over architectural style: Lutyens wanted classical, the architecture of the Empire – Hardinge wanted elements of the Indian vernacular for political reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=The Architect and His Wife: A Life of Edwin Lutyens |page=257}}</ref> An unapologetic spokesman of British imperialism he built the Viceroy's Palace as a symbol of glory of the Raj, and considered Indians to be primitive as yet on the verge of civilization who deserved to be ruled in perpetuity by the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=Pavan |title=Becoming Indian: The Unfinished Revolution of Culture and Identity |publisher=[[Allen Lane]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-670-08346-6 |pages=98–105}}</ref>
==== Spain (1915–1928)====
In [[Madrid]], Lutyens's work can be seen in the interiors of the [[Liria Palace]], a neoclassical building which was severely damaged during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29543345 | jstor=29543345 | title=Lutyens and Spain | last1=Stamp | first1=Gavin | last2=Richardson | first2=Margaret | journal=AA Files | year=1983 | issue=3 | pages=51–59 }}</ref> The palace was originally built in the 18th century for [[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick]], and still belongs to his descendants. Lutyens's reconstruction was commissioned by [[Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba]]. The Duke had been in contact with Lutyens while serving as the Spanish ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].
Between 1915 and 1928, Lutyens also produced designs for a new palace for the Duke of Alba's younger brother, [[Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duke of Peñaranda]]. The palace of El Guadalperal, as it was to be called, would have been, if built, Edwin Lutyens's largest country house.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1017/arh.2017.10 | doi=10.1017/arh.2017.10 | title=Edwin Lutyens in Spain: The Palace of El Guadalperal | year=2017 | last1=Basarrate | first1=Íñigo | journal=Architectural History | volume=60 | pages=303–339 | s2cid=194864199 }}</ref>
[[File:JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH PEARSON and SIR EDWIN LANDSEER LUTYENS - 13 Mansfield Street Marylebone London W1G 9NZ.jpg|thumb|right|13 [[Mansfield Street, London|Mansfield Street]], Marylebone, Lutyens's London home from 1919 to his death in 1944]]
== Personal life ==
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* Barbara Lutyens (1898–1981), second wife of [[Euan Wallace]] (1892–1941), Minister of Transport.{{sfn|Percy|Ridley|1988|p=53}}
* [[Robert Lutyens]] (1901–1971), interior designer. Designed the façade used for over 40 [[Marks & Spencer]] stores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Lutyens |url = http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=202099 |website=Dictionary of Scottish Architects |access-date=13 July 2016 }}</ref>
* Ursula Lutyens (1904–1967), wife of the [[Matthew White Ridley, 3rd Viscount Ridley|3rd Viscount Ridley]]. They were the parents of the [[4th Viscount Ridley]] (1925–2012), and of the Cabinet Minister [[Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale|Nicholas Ridley]] (1929–1993). Nicholas Ridley was the father of Edwin Lutyens's biographer, [[Jane Ridley]].
* [[Elisabeth Lutyens|(Agnes) Elisabeth Lutyens]] (1906–1983), a well-known composer. Second marriage to the conductor [[Edward Clark (conductor)|Edward Clark]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=40709|title=Clark, (Thomas) Edward}}</ref>
* [[Mary Lutyens|(Edith Penelope) Mary Lutyens]] (1908–1999),<ref>{{cite web|title=(Edith Penelope) Mary Lutyens (1909–1999) |url = http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp101236/edith-penelope-mary-lutyens |website=National Portrait Gallery |access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> a writer known for her books about the philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti.
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[[File:Edwin Lutyens memorial.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Lutyens by [[Stephen Cox (sculptor)|Stephen Cox]] (2015)]]
Lutyens received the RIBA [[Royal Gold Medal]] in 1921, and the [[AIA Gold Medal|American Institute of Architects Gold Medal]] in 1925. In November 2015 the British government announced that all 44 of Lutyens's surviving First World War memorials in Britain{{NoteTag|43 in England, 1 in Wales}} had now been listed on the advice of [[Historic England]], and were therefore all protected by law. This involved the one remaining memorial—the [[Gerrards Cross Memorial Building]] in [[Buckinghamshire]]—being added to the list, plus a further fourteen having their statuses upgraded.<ref>{{cite web |title = National Collection of Lutyens' War Memorials Listed |url = http://historicengland.org.uk/news-and-features/news/lutyens-war-memorials |website=[[Historic England]] |date = 7 November 2015 |publisher=Historic England |access-date=9 November 2015 }}</ref> For the [[Imperial Brands|Imperial Tobacco Company]]'s First World War memorial, installed in 1921 at its Bedminster Head Office,<ref>'Imperial Tobacco Company's War Memorial' ''Western Daily Press'', 19 October 1921, p.3</ref> this protection arrived too late to prevent its destruction following the company's take-over in 1986 by [[Heidelberg Materials UK|Hanson Trust plc]].
The architectural critic [[Ian Nairn]] wrote of Lutyen's Surrey "masterpieces" in the 1971 ''Surrey'' volume of the [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|''Buildings of England'' series]], while noting that; "the genius and the charlatan were very close together in Lutyens".{{sfn|Nairn|Pevsner|Cherry|1971|p=70}} In the introduction to the catalogue for the 1981 Lutyens exhibition at the [[Hayward Gallery]], the architectural writer Colin Amery described Lutyens as "the builder of some of our finest country houses and gardens".{{sfn|Amery|Richardson|Stamp|1981|p=8}}
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* [http://www.city-journal.org/html/8_2_urbanities-architect.html Jane Ridley, "Architect for the metropolis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330163104/http://www.city-journal.org/html/8_2_urbanities-architect.html |date=30 March 2009 }}, ''City Journal'', Spring 1998
* [http://www.wardsbookofdays.com/29march.htm The creations of Sir Edwin Lutyens] – ''Ward's Book of Days'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217215148/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/cathedral/history/index.asp The cathedral that never was] – exhibition of Lutyens's cathedral model at the Walker Art Gallery (archived 17 December 2007)
* {{cite web |title=The history of the Bois des Moutiers |last1=Louvet|first1=Solange|last2=de Givry |first2=Jacques |url = http://www.boisdesmoutiers.com/HistoireBoisdesMoutiersNewGB.php }} – An 1898 house in France designed by Lutyens and its garden designed by Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll.
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/16010725@N06/albums/72157627816920018/ Collection of over 2000 photos of Lutyens's work] on [[Flickr]]
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