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}}</ref><ref>Patrick B. Black and Mark J. Hardenberg, ed.s, [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA247424.pdf ''Special Report 91-23: Historical Perspectives in Frost Heave Research: The Early Works of S. Taber and G. Beskow''] (Hanover, New Hampshire: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1991).</ref>
By 1930, Stephen Taber, head of the Department of Geology at the [[University of South Carolina]], had disproved the hypothesis that frost heaving results from molar volume expansion with freezing of [[water]] already present in the soil prior to the onset of subzero temperatures, i.e. with little contribution from the migration of water within the soil.
Since the [[molar volume]] of water expands by about 9% as it [[phase transition|changes phase]] from water to ice at its bulk [[freezing point]], 9% would be the maximum expansion possible owing to molar volume expansion, and even then only if the ice were rigidly constrained laterally in the soil so that the entire volume expansion had to occur vertically. Ice is unusual among compounds because it increases in molar volume from its liquid state, [[water]]. Most compounds decrease in volume when changing [[Phase (matter)|phase]] from liquid to solid. Taber showed that the vertical displacement of soil in frost heaving could be significantly greater than that due to molar volume expansion.<ref name="Taber 1929"/>
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