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'''Nitrous oxide''' (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as '''laughing gas''', '''nitrous''', '''
Nitrous oxide has significant [[Nitrous oxide (medication)|medical uses]], especially in [[surgery]] and [[dentistry]], for its [[Anesthesia|anaesthetic]] and [[Analgesic|pain-reducing]] effects.<ref name="ACB 2020">{{cite journal |author1-last=Quax |author1-first=Marcel L. J. |author2-last=Van Der Steenhoven |author2-first=Timothy J. |author3-last=Bronkhorst |author3-first=Martinus W. G. A. |author4-last=Emmink |author4-first=Benjamin L. |date=July 2020 |title=Frostbite injury: An unknown risk when using nitrous oxide as a party drug |journal=Acta Chirurgica Belgica |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] on behalf of the Royal Belgian Society for Surgery |volume=120 |issue=1–4 |pages=140–143 |doi=10.1080/00015458.2020.1782160 |issn=0001-5458 |pmid=32543291 |s2cid=219702849}}</ref> Its colloquial name, "laughing gas", coined by [[Humphry Davy]], is due to the [[Euphoria|euphoric]] effects upon inhaling it, a property that has led to its [[Recreational use of nitrous oxide|recreational use]] as a [[Dissociative drug|dissociative]] anaesthetic.<ref name="ACB 2020"/> It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | hdl-access=free | last1 = Organization | first1 = World Health }}</ref> It is also used as an oxidiser in [[rocket propellant]]s, and in [[auto racing|motor racing]] to increase the [[engine power|power output]] of [[petrol engine|engines]].
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Most of the {{chem|N|2|O}} emitted into the atmosphere, from natural and anthropogenic sources, is produced by [[microorganism]]s such as [[denitrifying bacteria]] and [[fungus|fungi]] in soils and oceans.<ref name="Sloss1992">{{cite book|last=Sloss |first=Leslie L. |title=Nitrogen Oxides Control Technology Fact Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--C_JAU7W8QC&pg=PA6 |year=1992 |publisher=William Andrew |isbn=978-0-8155-1294-3 |page=6}}</ref> Soils under natural vegetation are an important source of nitrous oxide, accounting for 60% of all naturally produced emissions. Other natural sources include the oceans (35%) and atmospheric chemical reactions (5%).<ref name="inputs">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010), "[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100717T.PDF?Dockey=P100717T.PDF Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Natural Sources]". Report EPA 430-R-10-001.</ref> [[Wetland]]s can also be [[Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands|emitters of nitrous oxide]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Bange |first=Hermann W. |date=2006 |title=Nitrous oxide and methane in European coastal waters |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272771406002496 |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |language=en |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=361–374 |bibcode=2006ECSS...70..361B |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.042}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=A. J. |last2=Giannopoulos |first2=G. |last3=Pretty |first3=J. |last4=Baggs |first4=E. M. |last5=Richardson |first5=D. J. |date=2012 |title=Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=367 |issue=1593 |pages=1157–1168 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2011.0415 |pmc=3306631 |pmid=22451101}}</ref> Emissions from thawing [[permafrost]] may be significant, but as of 2022 this is not certain.<ref name="ar6" />
The main components of anthropogenic emissions are fertilised agricultural soils and livestock manure (42%), runoff and leaching of fertilisers (25%), biomass burning (10%), fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes (10%), biological degradation of other nitrogen-containing atmospheric emissions (9%) and human [[sewage]] (5%).<ref name="denman">K. L. Denman, G. Brasseur, et al. (2007), "Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry". In ''Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'', Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM |title=Livestock's long shadow: Environmental issues and options |publisher=Fao.org |author1=Steinfeld, H. |author2=Gerber, P. |author3=Wassenaar, T. |author4=Castel, V. |author5=Rosales, M. |author6=de Haan, C. |access-date=2 February 2008 |year=2006}}</ref><ref name="epaUpdated">{{cite web|url=https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/n2o.html |title=Overview of Greenhouse Gases: Nitrous Oxide |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=31 March 2016|date=23 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160812082641/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases |archive-date=12 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name="epa">{{cite web |url= http://www.epa.gov/nitrousoxide/sources.html |title=Nitrous Oxide: Sources and Emissions |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=2 February 2008 |year=2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080116204312/http://www.epa.gov/nitrousoxide/sources.html |archive-date=16 January 2008}}</ref><ref>IPCC. 2013. Climate change: the physical basis (WG I, full report). p. 512.</ref> Agriculture enhances nitrous oxide production through soil cultivation, the use of nitrogen [[Fertilizer|fertilisers]] and animal waste handling.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=R. L.|last2=Lassaletta|first2=L.|last3=Patra|first3=P. K.|last4=Wilson|first4=C. |last5=Wells|first5=K. C.|last6=Gressent|first6=A.|last7=Koffi|first7=E. N.|last8=Chipperfield|first8=M. P.|last9=Winiwarter|first9=W. |last10=Davidson|first10=E. A.|last11=Tian|first11=H.|display-authors=3|date=2019-11-18|title=Acceleration of global N 2 O emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric inversion|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=9|issue=12 |pages=993–998|doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0613-7|issn=1758-6798|bibcode=2019NatCC...9..993T|s2cid=208302708
Among industrial emissions, the production of nitric acid and [[adipic acid]] are the largest sources of nitrous oxide emissions. The adipic acid emissions specifically arise from the degradation of the [[nitrolic acid]] intermediate derived from the nitration of cyclohexanone.<ref name="denman"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Abatement of N{{ssub|2}}O emissions produced in the adipic acid industry|author1=Reimer R. A. |author2=Slaten C. S. |author3=Seapan M. |author4=Lower M. W. |author5=Tomlinson P. E. | journal = Environmental Progress| year = 1994| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 134–137| doi = 10.1002/ep.670130217|bibcode=1994EnvPr..13..134R }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Abatement of N{{ssub|2}}O emissions produced in the adipic acid industry|author1=Shimizu, A. |author2=Tanaka, K. |author3=Fujimori, M. | journal = Chemosphere – Global Change Science| year = 2000| volume = 2| issue = 3–4| pages = 425–434| doi = 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00024-6|bibcode=2000ChGCS...2..425S}}</ref>
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