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Since 2007, Israel and Hamas, along with other Palestinian militant groups based in Gaza, have engaged in conflict,<ref name="Meakem-20232" /><ref name="Kane-2023" /><ref name="Beauchamp-20232">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |title=Why did Hamas invade Israel?|url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007185123/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> including in four wars in [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|2008–2009]], [[2012 Gaza War|2012]], [[2014 Gaza War|2014]], and [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|2021]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2023 |title=These six charts show the scale of human loss in the Israel-Gaza war |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-20/six-charts-that-show-the-scale-of-human-loss-in-israel-gaza-war/103074196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202135746/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-20/six-charts-that-show-the-scale-of-human-loss-in-israel-gaza-war/103074196 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Joanna |date=12 November 2023 |title=Charts show a stark difference in the human cost of Israeli-Palestinian conflicts over the years |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/israel-hamas-war-data-shows-human-cost-of-conflict-through-the-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114213622/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/israel-hamas-war-data-shows-human-cost-of-conflict-through-the-years.html |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> These conflicts killed approximately [[Palestinian casualties of war|6,400 Palestinians]] and [[Israeli casualties of war|300 Israelis]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Where We Work. Gaza Strip |work=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ([[UNRWA]]) |url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012075032/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OCHAoPt"/><ref name="Alfonseca-2023" /> In 2018–2019, there were large [[2018–2019 Gaza border protests|weekly organized protests near the Gaza-Israel border]], which were violently suppressed by Israel, whose forces killed hundreds and injured thousands of Palestinians by sniper fire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the "Great March of Return" are Still Struggling |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304172542/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling/ |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fayyad |first1=Huthifa |title=Gaza's Great March of Return protests explained |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/30/gazas-great-march-of-return-protests-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217174220/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/30/gazas-great-march-of-return-protests-explained |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] }}</ref> Soon after the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]] began, Hamas' military wing, the [[Al-Qassam Brigades]], started planning the 7 October 2023 operation against Israel.<ref name="Klein-20232">{{cite magazine |last=Klein |first=Menachem |date=28 November 2023 |title=Israeli arrogance thwarted a Palestinian political path. October 7 revealed the cost |url=https://www.972mag.com/hamas-fatah-elections-israel-arrogance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129173047/https://www.972mag.com/hamas-fatah-elections-israel-arrogance/ |archive-date=29 November 2023 |magazine=[[+972 magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Hamas Says Its Attack on Israel Was Planned for Two Years |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113232117/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |url-status=live}}</ref>
Hamas officials stated that the attack was a response to the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]], [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], [[Israeli settler violence]] against Palestinians, [[Palestinian freedom of movement|restrictions on the movement of Palestinians]], and [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians]], whom Hamas sought to release by taking Israeli hostages.<ref name="aj7oct-invasion"/><ref name="McKernan-2023" /><ref name="Pacchiani-2023">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Pacchiani|first=Luca|date=7 October 2023|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/|title=Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> Numerous commentators have identified the broader context of Israeli occupation as a cause of the war.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Matar |first1=Haggai |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza's shock attack has terrified Israelis. It should also unveil the context |url=https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181619/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |publisher=+972 Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Sforza|first1=Lauren|date=9 October 2023|title=Tlaib, Bush criticized by Democrats over statements calling for end to Israel support|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4245770-tlaib-bush-criticized-by-democrats-over-statements-calling-for-end-to-israel-support/|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=John Mearsheimer: Israel is choosing 'apartheid' or 'ethnic cleansing'|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-bottom-line/2023/12/16/john-mearsheimer-israel-is-choosing-apartheid-or-ethnic-cleansing|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schenker |first1=Hillel |date=12 October 2023 |title=The Catastrophe of October 7. Why Did It Happen? |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-gaza-hamas-war-netanyahu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181618/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-gaza-hamas-war-netanyahu/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=[[The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Barghouti|first1=Mariam|title=On October 7, Gaza broke out of prison|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/14/on-october-7-gaza-broke-out-of-prison|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Associated Press]] wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza".<ref name="Federman-2023"/> Several human rights organizations, including [[Amnesty International]],<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |title=Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity |date=January 2022 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[B'Tselem]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=12 January 2021|title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid|url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid|archive-date=8 May 2021|access-date=6 November 2023|work=[[B'Tselem]]|quote=A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met.}}</ref> and [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=27 April 2021 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |archive-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> have [[Israel and apartheid|likened the Israeli occupation to apartheid]], although supporters of Israel dispute this characterization.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=4 May 2023 |title=Israël: l'Assemblée nationale rejette une résolution communiste dénonçant un "régime d'apartheid" |language=fr |trans-title=Israel: National Assembly rejects communist resolution denouncing 'apartheid regime' |work=[[Le Figaro]] |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614002231/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |archive-date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Hutzler |first1=Alexandra |last2=Peller |first2=Lauren |title=House passes resolution saying Israel isn't a 'racist or apartheid state' |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569|url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030033122/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |archive-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> An [[advisory opinion]] by the [[International Court of Justice]] published in July 2024 [[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|declared the occupation illegal]] and said it violated Article 3 of the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]], which prohibits racial segreation and apartheid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siddique |first=Haroon |last2=correspondent |first2=Haroon Siddique Legal affairs |date=2024-07-19 |title=UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/19/israels-settlement-policies-break-international-law-court-finds |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
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