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== Culture ==
British Hong Kong iswas characterised as a hybrid of [[Eastern world|East]] and [[Western culture|West]]. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blendblended with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=169}}.</ref> Although the vast majority of the population iswas ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity . The territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development ., Mainstreamwith mainstream culture iswas derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=167–172}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|He|2013}}.</ref> Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tendtended to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lam|2015}}.</ref> Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increasedremained post-handover :, Thewith the majority of the population (52%) identifiesidentifying as "Hongkongers", while 11% describedescribed themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population purportheld mixed identities, 23% as "Hongkonger in China" and 12% as "Chinese in Hong Kong".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html |title=HKU POP releases survey on Hong Kong people's ethnic identity and the 2018 review and 2019 forecast survey |publisher=Public Opinion Programme, University of Hong Kong |date=27 December 2018 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090214/https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ▼
{{Cleanup|reason=This needs to speak in the past tense, and perhaps be a comparison of Hong Kong back then to Hong Kong as of writing|date=August 2024}}
▲Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of [[Eastern world|East]] and [[Western culture|West]]. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=169}}.</ref> Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=167–172}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|He|2013}}.</ref> Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lam|2015}}.</ref> Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increased post-handover: The majority of the population (52%) identifies as "Hongkongers", while 11% describe themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23% as "Hongkonger in China" and 12% as "Chinese in Hong Kong".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html |title=HKU POP releases survey on Hong Kong people's ethnic identity and the 2018 review and 2019 forecast survey |publisher=Public Opinion Programme, University of Hong Kong |date=27 December 2018 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090214/https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Traditional Chinese family values, including [[family honor|family honour]], [[filial piety]], and a [[Sex selection|preference for sons]], areremained prevalent.<ref>{{harvnb|Family Survey|2013|pp=12–13}}.</ref> [[Nuclear family|Nuclear families]] arewere the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families arewere not unusual.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=77}}.</ref> In British-ruled Hong Kong, polygamy was legal until 1971 pursuant to the colonial practice of not interfering in local customs that British authorities viewed as relatively harmless to the public order.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lary |first=Diana |url= |title=China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-06478-1 |edition= |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=126 |oclc=1292532755}}</ref>
Spiritual concepts such as ''[[feng shui]]'' arewere observed; large-scale construction projects often hirehired consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to ''feng shui'' iswas believed to determine the success of a business. ''[[Bagua]]'' mirrors arewere regularly used to deflect evil spirits,<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|Fowler|2008|p=263}}.</ref> and buildings often lack [[Chinese numerology|floor numbers with a 4]];<ref>{{harvnb|Xi|Ingham|2003|p=181}}.</ref> the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|Chow|2006|p=3}}.</ref>
=== Language ===
Besides, the cultural integration can also be found in everyday life in Hong Kong. For example, [[British English]] is a common [[second language]] and also one of the [[official language]]s in British Hong Kong since the establishment of the colony.<ref name=blm>{{cite web |url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html |title=Hong Kong Basic Law: Chapter I |access-date=17 March 2008 |publisher=[[Hong Kong Basic Law]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123110932/http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html |archive-date=23 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moreover, British English is also taught in [[Primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/curriculum-development/kla/eng-edu/index.html |title=English language education |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202161618/https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/curriculum-development/kla/eng-edu/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> For the metro system, the metro lines are named after places instead of numbered, unlike [[Mainland China]], where metro lines are numbered. Roads were named after British royals, governors, famous people, cities and towns across the UK and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], as well as [[List of cities in China|Chinese cities]] and places. Aside from [[Chinese New Year]], [[Christmas]] is celebrated as the second-most important festival. In [[literature]], some [[idiom]]s in [[Cantonese]] are directly translated from those in English. A [[Mandarin Chinese]] speaker may recognise the words but not understand the meaning. ▼{{Main|Languages of Hong Kong}}
▲Besides,A theprominent example of cultural integration can also be found in everyday life in British Hong Kong ., Forwas example,the use of [[British English]] isas a common [[second language]] , and also onethe of thesole [[official language]] s inof Britishthe Hongcolony Konguntil since1974, thewhen establishmentChinese ofwas theaccorded colonyco-official status.<ref name=blm> {{cite web |url=http[https://www. basiclawnytimes. gov.hkcom/ en1974/ basiclawtext03/ chapter_124/archives/hong-kong-adopts-a-language-law-complications-for-officials.html |title=Hong Kong BasicAdopts Law:A Chapter I |accessLanguage- date=17Law], March 2008 |publisher=''[[ HongNew KongYork Basic LawTimes]] '', |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123110932/http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.htmlMarch |archive-date=23 November 2017 |url-status=dead24, }}1974</ref> Moreover,In addition to British English is alsobeing taught in [[Primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school]]s .<ref>{{Cite, webthere |url=https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/curriculum-development/kla/eng-edu/index.htmlwere also |title=English -medium languageschools educationoperated |access-date=12by Februarythe 2022[[English |archive-date=2Schools FebruaryFoundation]], 2022established |archive-url=https://webin 1967. archive.org/web/20220202161618/<ref>[https://www. edbelegislation.gov.hk/ enhk/ curriculum-development/kla/eng-edu/index.htmlcap1117 |url-status=deadThe }}English Schools Foundation Ordinance]</ref> For the metro system, the metro lines arewere named after places instead of numbered, unlike [[Mainland China]], where metro lines arewere numbered. Roads were named after British royals, governors, famous people, cities and towns across the UK and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], as well as [[List of cities in China|Chinese cities]] and places. Aside from [[Chinese New Year]], [[Christmas]] iswas celebrated as the second-most important festival. In [[literature]], some [[idiom]]s in [[Cantonese]] arewere directly translated from those in English. A [[Mandarin Chinese]] speaker maymight recognise the words but not understand the meaning.
=== Cuisine ===
}}
Food in Hong Kong isunder British rule was primarily based on [[Cantonese cuisine]], despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice iswas the staple food, and iswas usually served plain with other dishes.<ref name="LongHKFood">{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=271}}.</ref> Freshness of ingredients iswas emphasised. Poultry and seafood arewere commonly sold live at [[wet market]]s, and ingredients arewere used as quickly as possible.<ref>{{harvnb|Curry|Hanstedt|2014|pp=9–12}}.</ref> There arewere five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and ''[[siu yeh]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=272}}.</ref> [[Dim sum]], as part of ''[[yum cha]]'' (brunch), iswas a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include [[congee]], ''[[cha siu bao]]'', ''[[siu yuk]]'', [[egg tart]]s, and [[mango pudding]]. Local versions of Western food arewere served at ''[[cha chaan teng]]'' (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common ''cha chaan teng'' menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and [[Hong Kong-style milk tea]].<ref name="LongHKFood" />
=== Cinema ===
[[File:Hong kong bruce lee statue.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Statue of Bruce Lee in a fighting pose|Statue of Bruce Lee on the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong|Avenue of Stars]], a tribute to the city's film industry]]
Film making in Hong Kong began as early as 1909, but Hong Kong was not a film making hub until the late 1940s, when a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory; these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.<ref>{{harvnb|Fu|2008|pp=381, 388–389}}.</ref> By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as ''[[The World of Suzie Wong (film)|The World of Suzie Wong]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=148}}.</ref> When [[Bruce Lee]]'s ''[[The Way of the Dragon]]'' was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'', ''[[As Tears Go By (film)|As Tears Go By]]'', and ''[[Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain]]'' expanded global interest beyond [[martial arts film]]s; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=168}}.</ref> Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as ''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]'', ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'' and [[Wong Kar Wai]] movies. The city's martial arts film roots arewere evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. [[Jackie Chan]], [[Donnie Yen]], [[Jet Li]], [[Chow Yun-fat]], and [[Michelle Yeoh]] frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.<ref>{{harvnb|Ge|2017}}.</ref>
{{clear left}}
|image1=Leslie Cheung.jpg |height1=241 |width1=316|alt1=Leslie Cheung with a microphone
|image2=Andy Lau (cropped).jpg |height2=500 |width2=483|alt2=A serious-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit
|footer=[[Leslie Cheung]] ''(left)'' iswas considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and [[Andy Lau]] has beenwas an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.
}}
[[Cantopop]] iswas a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style ''[[shidaiqu]]'', it iswas also influenced by [[Cantonese opera]] and Western pop.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=1–9, 24–25}}.</ref> Local media featured songs by artists such as [[Sam Hui]], [[Anita Mui]], [[Leslie Cheung]], and [[Alan Tam]]; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=77–85}}.</ref> The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the [[Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong)|Four Heavenly Kings]] dominated Asian record charts.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=107–116}}.</ref> Despite a general decline since late in the decade,<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=9–10}}.</ref> Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as [[Eason Chan]], [[Joey Yung]], and [[Twins (group)|Twins]] are popular in and beyond the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=159–164}}.</ref>
Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remainsremained a large part of local musical education.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Moir|Brennan|Rambarran|2017|p=101}}</ref> The publicly funded [[Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra]], the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hostshosted musicians and conductors from overseas. The [[Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra]], composed of [[Chinese orchestra|classical Chinese instruments]], iswas the leading Chinese ensemble and playsplayed a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.<ref>{{harvnb|Ho|2011|p=147}}.</ref>
=== Sport and recreation ===
{{Main|Sport in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Crowd cheering, Hong Kong Sevens 2009.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Cheering rugby fans, seen from the stands|The [[Hong Kong Sevens]], considered the premier tournament of the [[World Rugby Sevens Series]], iswas played each spring.]]
Despite its small area, the territory regularly hostshosted the [[Hong Kong Sevens]], [[Hong Kong Marathon]], [[Hong Kong Tennis Classic]] and [[Lunar New Year Cup]], and hosted the inaugural [[AFC Asian Cup]] and the [[1995 Dynasty Cup]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghoshal|2011}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Horne|Manzenreiter|2002|p=128}}.</ref>
Hong Kong often represents itselfwas separately represented from [[China|mainland China]], with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and has earned [[Hong Kong at the Olympics|four gold medals]]. [[Lee Lai-shan]] won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta Olympics]],<ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Chang|2005|p=141}}.</ref> andBetween [[Cheung1972 Kaand Long]]1996, wonHong theKong secondathletes one inwon [[2020Hong SummerKong Olympics|Tokyoat 2020]].<ref>{{cite newsthe Paralympics|last1=Shum60 |first1=Michaelmedals |last2=Chowat |first2=Carinethe |title=FENCE-TASTIC!Paralympic CheungGames]]. Ka-longAs winspart goldof forthe HK |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/11/232551/Fence-tastic! |access-date=27 July 2021 |work=[[TheCommonwealth Standardof (Hong Kong)Nations|The StandardCommonwealth]], |date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727044737/https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/11/232551/Fence-tastic! |url-status=live }}</ref>British Hong Kong athletesparticipated havein wonthe [[HongCommonwealth KongGames]], atin thewhich Paralympics|126it medals at the Paralympic Games]] andwon [[Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Games|17 at the Commonwealth Games]]. No longer part of the [[Commonwealth of Nationsmedals]], the city's last appearance in the latterGames wasbeing in [[1994 Commonwealth Games|1994]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Chang|2005|p=99}}.</ref>
[[Dragon boat]] races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual [[Dragon Boat Festival|Tuen Ng Festival]]. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the [[Hong Kong Tourism Board|Tourism Board]]'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.<ref>{{harvnb|Sofield|Sivan|2003}}.</ref>
The [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]], known between 1960 and 1996 as the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club, became the territory's largest taxpayer,.<ref name="JockeyClub">{{harvnb|Littlewood|2010|pp=16–17}}[https://books.<google.co.uk/ref> has a monopoly books?id=oSrjAAAAMAAJ&q=%227+per+cent+on gambling +bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&dq=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifvsaPsOKIAxUCUkEAHYZbJPQQ6AF6BAgJEAI provides''Annual overReport 7%on ofHong governmentKong''], revenueH.M.<ref>{{harvnb|Inland RevenueStationery AnnualOffice, Report|2017|p=4}}1975, page 29</ref> Three forms of gambling arewere legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.<ref name="JockeyClub" />
== Dissent ==
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