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==Biography==
===Early life===
[[File:M8 and Galty Mountains, Mitchelstown (506758) (28455067412).jpg|On the [[M8 motorway (Ireland)|M8]] with the Galty Mountains by Mitchelstown, County Cork|thumb
Roche was born in [[Dublin, Ireland]], during one of the most tumultuous periods in Irish history: the [[Irish Civil War]]. Eamon Roche, Kevin's father, had been jailed twice for "revolutionary activities".<ref name="Roche on Roche">{{cite book |last1=Roche |first1=Kevin |last2=Dal Co |first2=Francesco |title=Kevin Roche |date=1985 |publisher=Rizzoli International Publications |location=New York |isbn=0-8478-0680-4 |quote=When [my father] was released from jail he joined the dairy cooperative movement in a small town where he became an ambitious manager.|pages=7-93 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/kevinroche00roch/page/9/mode/2up |access-date=14 May 2024}} </ref> Kevin was born during his father's second imprisonment.<ref name="Interview by Weaver" /><ref name="Pelkonen" /> After Eamon was released from prison, he moved his family far away from war-torn Dublin to the pastoral hamlet of [[Mitchelstown]] in southwestern [[County Cork, Ireland|Ireland]]. Situated at the foothills of the [[Galtymore|Galtee Mountain Range]], Roche's upbringing was anything but typical. It was forged by Eamon's keen managerial oversight of the Mitchelstown Dairy Co-operative in which Kevin worked alongside his father as dairy farmers. Eamon Roche successfully annexed all the surrounding dairy cooperatives, forging them into the largest in [[Munster, Ireland|southwest Ireland]].<ref name="Interview by Weaver" /><ref name="Pelkonen" /> Later, the creamery was bought out by [[Ornua|KerryGold Creamery]].
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===University and early career===
In 1940, Kevin returned to [[Dublin, Ireland|Dublin]] to continue his interest in architecture at [[University College Dublin|University College of Dublin, or UCD]]. His first architectural drawing was of a pig enclosure composed of concrete blocks.<ref name="Kevin Roche UCD Memorial">{{cite web |title=In Memoriam Kevin Roche: 1922 - 2019 |url=https://www.ucd.ie/newsandopinion/news/2019/march/05/inmemoriamkevinroche1922-2019/ |website=University College Dublin |publisher=University College Dublin |access-date=14 May 2024 |location=Dublin, Ireland |date=March 4, 2019 |quote=The young Roche, years later as an architecture student at UCD in the mid-1940s, designed his first building: a piggery, shaped out of concrete blocks.}}</ref> Though initially trained in German [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]], this gave way to modernism and [[post-modernism]] interests. After graduating from UCD in 1945, Roche made the circuit with practically every well-known modernist of architecture:<ref name="Roche on Roche" /><ref name="Interview by Weaver">{{cite journal |last1=Weaver |first1=Thomas |last2=Roche |first2=Kevin |title=Kevin Roche ‘in Conversation with’ Thomas Weaver.” |journal=Architectural Association School of Architecture |date=2015 |volume=71 |page=30-47 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43687066 |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> [[Michael Scott (architect)|Michael Scott]] in Dublin from 1945 to 1946, [[Maxwell Fry]] in London from summer to fall of 1946, then [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Mies van der Rohe]] and [[Ludwig Hilberseimer]] at [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] in 1948.<ref name="Roche on Roche" />
After less than one year at IIT, Roche did not have enough money to continue for a second year. Since he could not receive his master's degree without funds, he instead thought of putting his architectural skills to practical use. In 1949, he moved to New York City and "badgered the UN Planning Office for a job".<ref name="Pelkonen" /> He was hired at the planning office for the [[United Nations Headquarters]] building in New York City. He began working on the United Nations complex at the firm of [[Harrison & Abramovitz]] and stayed on for eight months. During Christmas of 1950, he left to visit his family back in Ireland, but when he returned, his job had been eliminated.<ref name="Interview by Weaver" />
Penniless and uncertain of his future in the United States, Roche contemplated returning home to Ireland. But an architect at the UN, sympathetic to his plight, recommended he call the firm of Saarinen, Swanson, and Associates, where the 83-year-old [[Eliel Saarinen]] still practiced in [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]]. The firm's famous father was complemented by the family's talent: second wife [[Loja Saarinen|Loja]], son ([[Eero Saarinen|Eero]]), and daughter ([[Pipsan Saarinen Swanson|Pipsan]]).<ref name="Interview by Weaver" /> The firm had said that Eero Saarinen would be going to New York to interview prospective candidates. After spending an evening at New York's famous [[Stork Club]] with a cousin from Ireland, Roche was unexpectedly called for an interview the following morning. Roche went to the interview, and as Saarinen was talking to him, Roche had fallen asleep. Roche recalls that Saarinen was still talking when he awoke, and was nonetheless hired.<ref name="Pelkonen" /> He moved to Michigan and began working for the firm, which had undergone a name change to be known as Eero Saarinen and Associates (ESA).<ref name="Interview by Weaver" />
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|qalign = center}} After his father Eliel died, Eero Saaronen moved up to assume directorship. In 1950, Roche joined the firm.<ref name="irishtimes">{{Cite news|date=2011-04-09|title=An Irish starchitect: the iconic buildings that have made Kevin Roche's reputation|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/2.642/an-irish-starchitect-the-iconic-buildings-that-have-made-kevin-roche-s-reputation-1.568075}}</ref> His future partner, [[John Dinkeloo]] (1918-1991), joined the firm in 1951 after he had left the architectural form of [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] in Chicago. They became lifelong friends and business partners. There, Roche also met his future wife, Jane Claire Tuohy, with whom he eventually had five children. In 1954, he became the Principal Design Associate to Saarinen and assisted him on all projects from that time until Saarinen's death in September 1961.[[File:Saarinen office staff. Eero Saarinen (left) and Kevin Roche, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.jpg|thumb| right|Roche (right) with [[Eero Saarinen]] in the 1950s]]
===Roche-Dinkeloo===
Later, Roche and Dinkeloo moved the practice to [[Hamden, Connecticut]]. Saarinen's firm morphed into [[Roche-Dinkeloo|Roche-Dinkeloo Associates]] or KRJDA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} KRJDA Archive |url=http://www.krjda.com/history |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.krjda.com |language=en}}</ref> Today, the firm continues on as Roche Modern,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firm |url=https://www.rochemodern.com/firm |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Roche Modern |language=en-US}}</ref> where Roche's son, Eamon, is currently managing director. Thus, Roche and Dinkeloo laid the groundwork for the preeminent architectural firm which has been coined the "poster child architectural firm of corporate America".<ref name="Kerr - modern architects">{{cite journal |last1=Kerr |first1=Ron |last2=Robinson |first2=Sarah K. |last3=Elliott |first3=Carole |title=Modernism, Postmodernism, and corporate power: historicizing the architectural typology of the corporate campus |journal=Management & Organizational History |date=2 April 2016 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=123–146 |doi=10.1080/17449359.2016.1141690 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297664755_Modernism_Postmodernism_and_corporate_power_historicizing_the_architectural_typology_of_the_corporate_campus |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>▼
In 1966, Roche and Dinkeloo formed [[Roche-Dinkeloo|Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates]] and completed Saarinen's projects. They completed twelve major unfinished Saarinen builds, including some of Saarinen's best-known work: the [[Gateway Arch]] in St. Louis, the expressionistic [[TWA Flight Center]] at [[JFK International Airport]] in [[New York City]], [[Dulles International Airport]] outside [[Washington, D.C.]], the strictly modern [[John Deere World Headquarters|John Deere Headquarters]] in [[Moline, Illinois]], and the [[CBS Building|CBS Headquarters]] building in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news|date=1992-12-14|title=Architecture Award to Kevin Roche|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/14/arts/architecture-award-to-kevin-roche.html|access-date=2012-02-23}}</ref>▼
Following this, Roche and Dinkeloo's first major commission was the [[Oakland Museum of California]], a complex for the art, natural history, and cultural history of California with a design featuring interrelated terraces and roof gardens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museums|url=http://www.krjda.com/Sites/Projects_Museums.html|access-date=2018-10-11|website=RocheDinkeloo}}</ref> The city was planning a monumental building to house natural history, technology, and art, and Roche provided a unique concept: a building that is a series of low-level concrete structures covering a four block area, on three levels, the terrace of each level forming the roof of the one below, i.e. a museum (in three sections) with a park on its roof. This kind of innovative solution went on to become Roche's trademark.▼
This project was followed by the equally highly acclaimed [[Ford Foundation Building]] in New York City, considered the first large-scale architectural building in the U.S. to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its famous atrium was designed with the notion of having urban green-space accessible to all and is an early example of the application of [[environmental psychology]] in architecture. The building was recognized in 1968 by ''[[Architectural Record]]'' as "a new kind of urban space".<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Barnett|first=Jonathan|date=February 1968|title=Innovation and Symbolism on 42nd Street|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/news/2016/01-Jan/InTheCause/Ford-Foundation-Jonathan-Barnett-February-1968.pdf|magazine=[[Architectural Record]]|pages=105–112}}</ref>{{Quote box▼
|title=Kevin Roche
|quote="Architecture is a local language and a universal language. Ultimately, a great building touches both, so that artist, and common man, understand it without being conscious of it. ''It is interwoven''. '''That is great architecture'''."
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▲Later, Roche and Dinkeloo moved the practice to [[Hamden, Connecticut]]. Saarinen's firm morphed into [[Roche-Dinkeloo|Roche-Dinkeloo Associates]] or KRJDA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} KRJDA Archive |url=http://www.krjda.com/history |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.krjda.com |language=en}}</ref> Today, the firm continues on as Roche Modern,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firm |url=https://www.rochemodern.com/firm |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Roche Modern |language=en-US}}</ref> where Roche's son, Eamon, is currently managing director. Thus, Roche and Dinkeloo laid the groundwork for the preeminent architectural firm which has been coined the "poster child architectural firm of corporate America".<ref name="Kerr - modern architects">{{cite journal |last1=Kerr |first1=Ron |last2=Robinson |first2=Sarah K. |last3=Elliott |first3=Carole |title=Modernism, Postmodernism, and corporate power: historicizing the architectural typology of the corporate campus |journal=Management & Organizational History |date=2 April 2016 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=123–146 |doi=10.1080/17449359.2016.1141690 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297664755_Modernism_Postmodernism_and_corporate_power_historicizing_the_architectural_typology_of_the_corporate_campus |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>
▲In 1966, Roche and Dinkeloo formed [[Roche-Dinkeloo|Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates]] and completed Saarinen's projects. They completed twelve major unfinished Saarinen builds, including some of Saarinen's best-known work: the [[Gateway Arch]] in St. Louis, the expressionistic [[TWA Flight Center]] at [[JFK International Airport]] in [[New York City]], [[Dulles International Airport]] outside [[Washington, D.C.]], the strictly modern [[John Deere World Headquarters|John Deere Headquarters]] in [[Moline, Illinois]], and the [[CBS Building|CBS Headquarters]] building in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news|date=1992-12-14|title=Architecture Award to Kevin Roche|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/14/arts/architecture-award-to-kevin-roche.html|access-date=2012-02-23}}</ref>
▲Following this, Roche and Dinkeloo's first major commission was the [[Oakland Museum of California]], a complex for the art, natural history, and cultural history of California with a design featuring interrelated terraces and roof gardens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museums|url=http://www.krjda.com/Sites/Projects_Museums.html|access-date=2018-10-11|website=RocheDinkeloo}}</ref> The city was planning a monumental building to house natural history, technology, and art, and Roche provided a unique concept: a building that is a series of low-level concrete structures covering a four block area, on three levels, the terrace of each level forming the roof of the one below, i.e. a museum (in three sections) with a park on its roof. This kind of innovative solution went on to become Roche's trademark.
▲This project was followed by the equally highly acclaimed [[Ford Foundation Building]] in New York City, considered the first large-scale architectural building in the U.S. to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its famous atrium was designed with the notion of having urban green-space accessible to all and is an early example of the application of [[environmental psychology]] in architecture. The building was recognized in 1968 by ''[[Architectural Record]]'' as "a new kind of urban space".<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Barnett|first=Jonathan|date=February 1968|title=Innovation and Symbolism on 42nd Street|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/news/2016/01-Jan/InTheCause/Ford-Foundation-Jonathan-Barnett-February-1968.pdf|magazine=[[Architectural Record]]|pages=105–112}}</ref>
The acclaim that greeted the [[Oakland Museum of California|Oakland Museum]] and Ford Foundation earned Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates a ranking at the top of their profession. Shortly afterward they began a 40-year association with the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art New York|Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York City, for which they did extensive remodeling and built many extensions to house new galleries including the one containing the Egyptian [[Temple of Dendur]]. Other high-profile commissions for the firm came from clients as varied as [[Wesleyan University]], the [[United Nations]], [[Cummins Engines]], [[Union Carbide]], The [[United States Post Office]], and the [[Knights of Columbus]].
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*1974 – [[Worcester Plaza|Worcester County National Bank]], Worcester, Massachusetts
*1972 – [[The Pyramids (Indianapolis)|The Pyramids]], College Life Insurance Company of America headquarters, Indianapolis, Indiana
*1975 - [[One United Nations Plaza]] New York, New York
*1978 – [[John Deere World Headquarters]], West Office Building, Moline, Illinois
*1979 – [[Denver Performing Arts Complex]], Denver, Colorado
*1982 – [[The Corporate Center]], Danbury, Connecticut (originally the [[Union Carbide]] Corporate Center)
*1982 – Moudy Visual Arts and Communication Building, [[Texas Christian University]], Fort Worth, Texas
*1983 – [[Two United Nations Plaza|
*1983 – [[General Foods Corporate Headquarters]], Ryebrook, New York
*1983 – [[Cummins Corporate Office Building]], Columbus, Indiana
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*1985 – [[DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum]], Williamsburg, Virginia
*1986 – Conoco Inc. Petroleum Headquarters, Houston, Texas
*1987 - [[Three United Nations Plaza]] New York, New York ([[UNICEF]] Headquarters)
*1988 – [[Central Park Zoo]], New York, New York<ref>{{cite news|date=1989-09-30|title=Kevin Roche Honored For Redesign of Zoo|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/30/arts/kevin-roche-honored-for-redesign-of-zoo.html|access-date=2012-02-23}}</ref>
*1988 – Bouygues World Headquarters, Saint-Quentin-Yvelines, France
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