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[[File:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]]
[[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] (1752–1840) divided the human [[species]] into five [[Race (classification of human beings)|races]] in 1779, later founded on crania research (description of human skulls), and called them (1793/1795):<ref>Blumenbach, J. F. 1779. ''Handbuch der Naturgeschichte'' vol. 1, pp. 63f. The names of Blumenbach's five groups are introduced in his 1795 revision of ''De generis humani varietate nativa'' (pp. 23f.) as ''Caucasiae, Mongolicae, Aethiopicae, Americanae, Malaicae''. See also: Kowner and Skott in: R. Kowner, W. Demel (eds.), ''Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Interactions, Nationalism, Gender and Lineage'' (2015), p. 51.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|title=Handbuch der Naturgeschichte|page=62|year=1797|url=http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1797?p=84|access-date=2020-06-06}}</ref>
* the [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] or white race. Blumenbach was the first to use this term for [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]], but the term would later be reinterpreted to also include [[Ethnic groups in the Middle East|Middle Easterners]] and [[
* the [[Mongoloid|Mongolian]] or yellow race, including all [[East Asian people|East Asians]].
* the [[Malay race|Malayan]] or brown race, including [[Ethnic groups
* the [[Negroid|Ethiopian]] or black race, including all [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|sub-Saharan Africans]].
* the American or red race, including all [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].
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