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=== Belgium ===
The [[Belgian Criminal Law]] had defined vagrants as lacking a stable residence, the necessary means to survive, and employment<ref name=":2">Kimber, Julie (August 2013). "Poor Laws: A Historiography of Vagrancy in Australia". ''[[History Compass]]''. '''11''' (8): 537–550 – via EBSCO.</ref>. From 27 November 1891, a vagabond could be jailed. Vagabonds, beggars and procurers were imprisoned in vagrancy prisons: [[Hoogstraten]]; [[Merksplas]]; and [[Wortel, Belgium|Wortel]] ([[Flanders]]). There, the prisoners had to work for their living by working on the land or in the prison. If the prisoners had earned enough money, then they could leave the "colony" (as it was called). On 12 January 1993, the [[Vagrancy Act (Belgium)|Belgian vagrancy law]] was repealed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolonienvanweldadigheid.eu/sites/default/files/CofB_NominationFile_2020_scherm_lowres-compressed.pdf|title=Colonies of Benevolence|publisher=Colonies of Benevolence|language=English|accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref> At that time, 260 vagabonds still lived in the Wortel colony. The Belgian Criminal Law of 1867 had high levels of recidivism, leading to questions concerning it's effectiveness in combating vagrancy<ref name=":2" />
=== Denmark ===
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