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'''Sparganosis''' is a [[parasite|parasitic infection]] caused by the plerocercoid [[larva]]e of the genus ''[[Spirometra]]'' including ''[[Spirometra mansoni|S. mansoni]]'', ''[[Spirometra ranarum|S. ranarum]]'', ''[[Spirometra mansonoides|S. mansonoides]]'' and ''[[Spirometra erinacei|S. erinacei]]''.<ref name="Medical Parasitology">John, D.T. and Petri, W.A. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th edition. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/sparganosis/|title = CDC - DPDX - Sparganosis|date = 22 January 2019}}</ref> It was first described by [[Patrick Manson]] in 1882,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lescano|first1=Andres G|last2=Zunt|first2=Joseph|chapter=Other cestodes |title=Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology|date=2013|volume=114|pages=335–345|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00027-3|pmid=23829923|pmc=4080899|series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|isbn=9780444534903}}</ref> and the first human case was reported by [[Charles Wardell Stiles]] from Florida in 1908.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Read |first1=Clark P. |title=Human Sparganosis in South Texas |journal=The Journal of Parasitology |date=1952 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=29–31 |doi=10.2307/3274168 |jstor=3274168 |pmid=14928149 }}</ref> The infection is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water, ingestion of a second intermediate [[host (biology)|host]] such as a frog or snake, or contact between a second intermediate host and an open wound or [[mucous membrane]].<ref name="Hughes">{{cite journal | author = Hughes A.J., Biggs B.A. | year = 2001 | title = Parasitic worms of the central nervous system: an Australian perspective | journal = Internal Medicine Journal | volume = 32 | issue = 11| pages = 541–543 | doi=10.1046/j.1445-5994.2002.00265.x| pmid = 12412938 | s2cid = 45715716 }}</ref><ref name="Manson">Manson, P., Manson-Bahr, P., and Wilcocks, C. Manson's Tropical Diseases: A Manual of the Diseases. New York: William Wood and Company, 1921.</ref> Humans are the accidental hosts in the life cycle, while dogs, cats, and other mammals are definitive hosts. [[Copepods]] (freshwater crustaceans) are the first intermediate hosts, and various amphibians and reptiles are second intermediate hosts.<ref name="Garcia" />
Once a human becomes infected, the plerocercoid larvae migrate to a [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] location, where they typically develop into a painful nodule.<ref name="GIDEON">[http://web.gideononline.com/web/epidemiology/index.php?disease=12220&country=&view=General GIDEON, "Sparganosis." Date viewed February 26, 2009]</ref> Migration to the brain results in cerebral sparganosis, while migration to the eyes results in ocular sparganosis.<ref name="Medical Parasitology" /><ref name="Walker" /> Sparganosis is most prevalent in Eastern Asia, although cases have been described in countries throughout the world. In total, approximately 300 cases have been described in the literature up to 2003.<ref name="GIDEON" /><ref name="Pam" /> Diagnosis is typically not made until the sparganum larva has been surgically removed.<ref name="GIDEON" /> [[Praziquantel]] is the drug of choice, although its efficacy is unknown and surgical removal of the sparganum is generally the best treatment. Public health interventions should focus on water and dietary sanitation, as well as education about the disease in rural areas and discouragement of the use of poultices.
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