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In 1965, [[A. J. M. Chadwick]] patented a 4WD system, GB 1113068, that used hemispherical wheels for an all-terrain vehicle. Twenty years later, [[B. T. E. Warne]], patented, GB 2172558, an improvement on Chadwick's design that did not use differential gear assemblies. By using near-spherical wheels with the provision to tilt and turn each wheel co-ordinatively, the driven wheels maintain constant traction. Furthermore, all driven wheels steer, and as pairing of wheels is not necessary, vehicles with an odd number of wheels are possible without affecting the system's integrity. Progressive deceleration is made possible by dynamically changing the front-to-rear effective wheel diameter ratios.
[[Volkswagen Motorsport]], with the help of [[Austria]]n company Kaimann Racing for the development, used a twin engine [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2|Golf Mk2]] for the 1985, 1986 and 1987 [[Pikes Peak International Hill Climb]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double Take: Volkswagen Motorsport’s Twin-Engined Golf |url=https://grassrootsmotorsports.com/articles/double-take-volkswagen-motorsports-twin-engined-go/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=grassrootsmotorsports.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[Suzuki Motors]] introduced the [[Suzuki Escudo]] Pikes Peak Edition in 1996. Earlier Suzuki versions were twin-engined; from 1996 on, the engine is a twin-turbocharged 2.0-L V6, mated to a sequential six-speed manual transmission.
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