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'''Svalbard''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|v|ɑː|l|b|ɑːr|(|d|)}} {{respell|SVAHL|bar(d)}},<ref>{{cite web|title= Svalbard – definition of Svalbard in English {{!}} Oxford Dictionaries|url= https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/svalbard|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English |access-date=17 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160918085239/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/svalbard |archive-date=18 September 2016}}</ref> {{IPA|no-NO-03|ˈsvɑ̂ːɫbɑr|lang|}}), previously known as '''Spitsbergen''' or '''Spitzbergen''', is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[archipelago]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]]. North of [[continental Europe|mainland Europe]], it lies about midway between the northern coast of Norway and the [[North Pole]]. The islands of the group range from [[74th parallel north|74°]] to [[81st parallel north|81° north]] latitude, and from [[10th meridian east|10°]] to [[35th meridian east|35° east]] longitude. The largest island is [[Spitsbergen]] (37,673 km<sup>2</sup>), followed in size by [[Nordaustlandet]] (14,443 km<sup>2</sup>), {{Lang|no|[[Edgeøya]]|italic= no}} (5,073 km<sup>2</sup>) and [[Barentsøya]] (1,288 km<sup>2</sup>). [[Bear Island|Bjørnøya]] or Bear Island (178 km<sup>2</sup>) is the most southerly island in the territory, situated some 147 km south of Spitsbergen. The largest settlement is [[Longyearbyen]] on the west coast of Spitsbergen.<ref name="SA-2021">{{cite journal |last1= Dickie |first1= Gloria |author-link1=Gloria Dickie |title= The World's Northernmost Town Is Changing Dramatically|format=Original title: "The Polar Crucible" |journal=Scientific American |date= 1 June 2021 |volume=324 |issue=6 |pages=44–53 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0621-44 |pmid= 39020622 |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-worlds-northernmost-town-is-changing-dramatically/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210518153619/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-worlds-northernmost-town-is-changing-dramatically/ |access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=18 May 2021 }}</ref>
[[Whaling|Whalers]] who sailed far north in the 17th and 18th centuries used the islands as a base; subsequently the archipelago was abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whaling - Svalbard Museum |url=https://svalbardmuseum.no/en/whaling |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=svalbardmuseum.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Norum |first1=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHBZDwAAQBAJ&dq=whalers,+svalbard,+17th&pg=PA29 |title=Svalbard: Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen and Franz Josef Land |last2=Proctor |first2=James |date=3 May 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-78477-047-1 |pages=29–30, 43 |language=en}}</ref> [[Coal mining]] started at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent communities such as [[Pyramiden]] or [[Barentsburg]] were established.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Norum |first1=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHBZDwAAQBAJ&dq=whalers,+svalbard,+17th&pg=PA29 |title=Svalbard: Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen and Franz Josef Land |last2=Proctor |first2=James |date=3 May 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-78477-047-1 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Svalbard Treaty]] of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the Norwegian [[Svalbard Act]] of 1925 made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. The Svalbard Treaty established Svalbard as a [[free economic zone]] and restricts the military use of the archipelago. The Norwegian [[Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani|Store Norske]] and the Russian {{Lang|ru-latn| [[Arktikugol]]}} remain the only mining companies in place.
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