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''Chirostenotes'' was but the first name assigned. Feet were then found, specimen CMN 8538, and in 1932 [[Charles Mortram Sternberg]] gave them the name ''Macrophalangia canadensis'', meaning 'large toes from Canada'.<ref name=CMS32>{{cite journal | last1 = Sternberg | first1 = C.M. | year = 1932 | title = Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta | url = | journal = Canadian Field-Naturalist | volume = 46 | issue = 5| pages = 99–105 }}</ref> Sternberg correctly recognized them as part of a meat-eating dinosaur but thought they belonged to an [[ornithomimid]]. In 1936, its lower jaws, specimen CMN 8776, were found by [[Raymond Sternberg]] near [[Steveville]] and in 1940 he gave them the name ''[[Caenagnathus]] collinsi''. The generic name means 'recent jaw' from Greek ''kainos'', "new", and ''gnathos'', "jaw"; the specific name honours [[William Henry Collins]]. The toothless jaws were first thought to be those of a [[bird]].<ref name=RMS36>{{cite journal | last1 = Sternberg | first1 = R.M. | year = 1940 | title = A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta | url = | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 81–85 }}</ref>
Slowly the precise relationship between the finds became clear. In 1960 [[Alexander Wetmore]] concluded that ''Caenagnathus'' was not a bird but an ornithomimid.<ref>Wetmore, A. 1960. ''A classification for the birds of the world''. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 139 (11): 1–37</ref> In 1969 [[Edwin Colbert]] and [[Dale Russell]] suggested that ''Chirostenotes'' and ''Macrophalangia'' were one and the same animal.<ref>E.H. Colbert and D.A. Russell, 1969, "The small Cretaceous dinosaur ''Dromaeosaurus''", ''Amer. Mus. Novit.'', No. 2380, pp. 1-49</ref> In 1976 [[Halszka Osmólska]] described ''Caenagnathus'' as an oviraptorosaurian.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Osmólska | first1 = H. | year = 1976 | title = New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of ''Oviraptor'' | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 262 | issue = 5570| pages = 683–684 | doi=10.1038/262683a0}}</ref> In 1981 the announcement of ''[[Elmisaurus]]'', an Asian form of which both hand and feet had been preserved, showed the soundness of Colbert and Russell's conjecture.
[[File:Chirostenotes RTMP 79.20.1.jpg|thumb|left|Referred specimen RTMP 79.20.1]]
In 1988, a specimen from storage since 1923 was discovered and studied by [[Philip J. Currie]] and Dale Russell. This fossil helped link the other discoveries into a single dinosaur. Since the first name applied to any of these remains was ''Chirostenotes'', this were the only name that was recognized as valid.<ref name=CR88>{{cite journal | last1 = Currie | first1 = P.J. | last2 = Russell | first2 = D.A. | year = 1988 | title = Osteology and relationships of ''Chirostenotes pergracilis'' (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta, Canada | doi = 10.1139/e88-097 | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 25 | issue = 7| pages = 972–986 }}</ref>
Currie and Russell also addressed the complicating issue of a possible second form being present in the material. In 1933 [[William Arthur Parks]] had named ''Ornithomimus elegans'', based on specimen ROM 781, another foot from Alberta.<ref name=WAP33>{{cite journal | last1 = Parks | first1 = W.A. | year = 1933 | title = New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous formations of Alberta | url = | journal = University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series | volume = 34 | issue = | pages = 1–33 }}</ref> In 1971, [[Joël Cracraft]], still under the assumption ''Caenagnathus'' was a bird, had named a second species of ''Caenagnathus'': ''Caenagnathus sternbergi'', based on specimen CMN 2690, a small lower jaw. In 1988 Russell and Currie concluded that these fossils might present a more gracile [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] of ''Chirostenotes pergracilis''. In 1989 however, Currie thought that they represented a separate smaller species, and named this as a second species of the closely related ''[[Elmisaurus]]'': ''Elmisaurus elegans''.<ref name=PJC89>{{cite journal | last1 = Currie | first1 = P.J. | year = 1989 | title = The first records of ''Elmisaurus'' (Saurischia, Theropoda) from North America | url = | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 6| pages = 1319–1324 | doi=10.1139/e89-111}}</ref> In 1997, this was renamed to ''Chirostenotes elegans'' by [[Hans-Dieter Sues]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sues | first1 = H.D. | year = 1997 | title = On ''Chirostenotes'', a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Western North America | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 17 | issue = 4| pages = 698–716 | doi=10.1080/02724634.1997.10011018}}</ref> The species was moved to the new genus ''[[Leptorhynchos (dinosaur)|Leptorhynchos]]'' in 2013.<ref name=Caenagnathidae>{{Cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Barnes | first2 = K. | last3 = Clark | first3 = S. | last4 = Millar | first4 = L. | title = Caenagnathidae from the Upper Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas, and a Revision of the Caenagnathinae | doi = 10.3374/014.054.0102 | journal = Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History | volume = 54 | pages = 23–49 | year = 2013 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>
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Several larger skeletons from the early [[Maastrichtian]] [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] of Alberta and the late [[Maastrichtian]] [[Hell Creek Formation]] of [[Montana]] and [[South Dakota]] have been referred to ''Chirostenotes'' in the past, though more recent studies concluded that they represent several new species.<ref name=caenagnathids>{{cite journal |author=Robert M. Sullivan, Steven E. Jasinski and Mark P.A. Van Tomme |year=2011 |title=A new caenagnathid ''Ojoraptorsaurus boerei'', n. gen., n. sp. (Dinosauria, Oviraptorosauria), from the Upper Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico |url=http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/169._Sullivan_et_al.__Ojoraptorsaurus__COLOR.pdf |journal=Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=53 |pages=418–428}}</ref> The Horseshore Canyon formation specimen was renamed ''[[Epichirostenotes]]'' in 2011, while the Hell Creek Formation specimens have been referred to the genus ''[[Anzu (dinosaur)|Anzu]]''.<ref name=anzu>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0092022| title = A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 3| pages = e92022| year = 2014| last1 = Lamanna | first1 = M. C. | last2 = Sues | first2 = H. D. | last3 = Schachner | first3 = E. R. | last4 = Lyson | first4 = T. R. | pmid=24647078 | pmc=3960162}}</ref>
In 2007 a [[cladistic]] study by [[Philip Senter]] cast doubt on the idea that all of the large Dinosaur Park Formation fossils belonged to the same creature. Coding the original hand and jaw specimens separately showed that while the ''Caenagnathus'' holotype remained in the more basal position in the [[Caenagnathidae]] commonly assigned to it, the ''Chirostenotes pergracilis'' holotype was placed as an advanced oviraptorosaurian and an [[Oviraptoridae|oviraptorid]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Senter | first1 = P | year = 2007 | title = A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda) | url = | journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | volume = 5 | issue = 4| pages = 429–463 | doi=10.1017/s1477201907002143}}</ref><ref name="Holtz2010">Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2010) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2010.pdf Winter 2010 Appendix.]</ref> Subsequent studies found that the ''Caenagnathus'' jaws did in fact group together with other traditional caenagnathids, but not necessarily ''Chirostenotes''.<ref name=anzu/>
==Relationships==
[[File:Chirostenotes - claws.jpg|thumb|Referred claws]]
The [[cladogram]] below follows an analysis by Funston & Currie in 2016, which found ''Elmisaurus'' within Caenagnathidae.<ref name=apatoraptor1>{{cite journal |author=Gregory F. Funston and Philip J. Currie |year=2016 |title=A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=Online edition |issue= 4|pages=e1160910 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1160910 }}</ref>
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