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The area has a low, gently undulating [[topography]] that drops down from the top of Corstorphine hill to the shore in three gradual stages and is intersected by the River Almond which flows northward into the Forth.<ref name="topography">Cramond Heritage Trust (1996), p. 4</ref> During the last ice age the area was heavily glaciated, and the main direction of the ice flow was west to east. Consequently, there are rock deposits on the east side of landforms such as the Almond river valley, and until the Cramond promenade was built in the 1930s large glacial boulders were strewn along the shore.<ref name="topography"/> The [[geology]] of Cramond consists of [[calciferous sandstone]], which mixed with two later [[Sill (geology)|sills]] to give the area its characteristic chocolate-brown soil.<ref name="topography"/>
The leaflet “Geological history of cramond” provides information about the geology of the cramond area such as that there is a coal seam visible near the beach on the south west side of the river almond estuary.<ref> “Geological history of cramond Edinburgh
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