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The '''Royal Scots Navy''' (or '''Old Scots Navy''') was the [[navy]] of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] from its origins in the Middle Ages until its merger with the [[Kingdom of England]]'s [[Royal Navy]] per the [[Acts of Union 1707]]. There are mentions in Medieval records of fleets commanded by Scottish kings in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. King [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert I]] (1274–1329, reigned 1306–1329), developed naval power to counter the English in the [[Scottish Wars of Independence|Wars of Independence]] (1296–1328), and after the establishment of Scottish independence continued to build up naval capacity. In the late fourteenth century naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, [[Flemish]] and [[Kingdom of France|French]] merchantmen and privateers. King [[James I of Scotland|James I]] (1394–1437, reigned 1406–1437), took a greater interest in naval power establishing a shipbuilding yard at [[Leith]] and probably created the office of [[Lord High Admiral of Scotland|Lord High Admiral]].
King [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] (1473–1513, reigned 1488–1513), put the enterprise on a new footing, founding a harbour at [[Newhaven, Edinburgh|Newhaven]], near [[Edinburgh]] and a dockyard at the Pools of [[Airth]]. He acquired a total of 38 ships including
The [[Union of Crowns]] in 1603 ended Scottish conflict with England, but Scotland's involvement in England's foreign policy opened up Scottish merchantmen to attack from privateers. In 1626, a squadron of three ships were bought and equipped for protection and there were several [[letter of marque|marque fleets]] of privateers. In 1627, the Royal Scots Navy and privateers participated in the [[Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (1627)|Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Re]] with a major expedition to the [[Bay of Biscay]]. The Scots also returned to the [[West Indies]] and in 1629 took part in the capture of [[Quebec]]. After the [[Bishop's Wars]] and the alliance with [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] in the [[English Civil War]], a "Scotch Guard" was established on the coast of Scotland of largely English ships, but with Scottish revenues and men, gradually becoming a more Scottish force. The Scottish naval forces were defeated by [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s navy and when Scotland became part of the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland|Commonwealth]] in 1653, they were absorbed into the Commonwealth navy. After the [[Restoration (Scotland)|Restoration]] Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary [[impressment]], but a fixed quota of conscripts for the English [[Royal Navy]] was levied from the sea-coast [[burgh]]s. Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime. In the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War|Second]] (1665–1667) and [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]]s (1672–1674) between 80 and 120 captains took Scottish letters of marque and privateers played a major part in the naval conflict. In the 1690s, a small fleet of five ships was established by merchants for the [[Darien Scheme]], and a professional navy of three warships was established to protect local shipping in 1696. After the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707, these vessels and their crews were transferred to the British [[Royal Navy]].
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By the late Middle Ages the kingdom of Scotland participated in two related maritime traditions. In the West was the tradition of galley warfare that had its origins in the Viking [[thalassocracy|thalassocracies]] (sea-based lordships) of the Highlands and Islands and which stretched back before that to the sea power of [[Dál Riata]] that had spanned the Irish Sea. In the east it participated in the common northern European sail-driven naval tradition.<ref name=Rodger2004pp166-7>N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660-1649'' (London: Penguin, 2004), {{ISBN|0140297243}}, pp. 166-7.</ref> The key to the Viking success was the [[Viking ships|long-ship]], a long, narrow, light, wooden boat with a shallow draft hull designed for speed. This shallow draft allowed navigation in waters only {{convert|3|ft|m|0}} deep and permitted beach landings, while its light weight enabled it to be carried over [[portage]]s. Longships were also double-ended, the symmetrical bow and stern allowing the ship to reverse direction quickly without having to turn around.<ref>[http://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/en/exhibitions/the-skuldelev-ships/skuldelev-2/ "Skuldelev 2 – The great longship"], Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, retrieved 25 February 2012.</ref><ref>N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain. Volume One 660-1649'' (London: Harper, 1997) pp. 13-14.</ref> The longship was gradually succeeded by (in ascending order of size) the [[birlinn]], highland [[galley]] and [[lymphad]],<ref>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513-1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|90-04-18568-2}}, pp. 2-3.</ref> which, were [[clinker-built]] ships, usually with a centrally-stepped mast, but also with oars that allowed them to be rowed. Like the longship, they had a high stem and stern, and were still small and light enough to be dragged across portages, but they replaced the steering-board with a stern-rudder from the late twelfth century.<ref>[http://www.mallaigheritage.org.uk/exhibit/galleys.htm "Highland Galleys"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510010157/http://www.mallaigheritage.org.uk/exhibit/galleys.htm |date=10 May 2006 }} Mallaig Heritage Centre, retrieved 25 February 2012.</ref> The major naval power in the Highlands and Islands were the [[Clan Donald|MacDonald]] [[Lord of the Isles]], who acted as largely independent kings and could raise large fleets for use even against their nominal overlord the King of Scots. They succeeded in playing off the king of Scotland against the kings of [[Norway]] and, after 1266, the king of England.<ref name=Rodger2004pp166-7/>
There are mentions in Medieval records of fleets commanded by Scottish kings including [[William the Lion]]<ref name=Tytler1829pp309-10>P. F. Tytler, ''History of Scotland, Volume 2'' (London: Black, 1829), pp. 309-10.</ref> and [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]]. The latter took personal command of a large naval force which sailed from the Firth of Clyde and anchored off the island of Kerrera in 1249, intended to transport his army in a campaign against the [[Kingdom of the Isles]], but he died before the campaign could begin.<ref>J. Hunter, ''Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland'' (London: Random House, 2011), {{ISBN|1-78057-006-6}}, pp. 106–111.</ref><ref name=Macquarrie2004p147>A. Macquarrie, ''Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation'' (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7509-2977-4}}, p. 147.</ref> [[Viking]] naval power was disrupted by conflicts between the Scandinavian kingdoms, but entered a period of resurgence in the thirteenth century when Norwegian kings began to build some of the largest ships seen in Northern European waters. These included king [[Hakon Hakonsson]]'s ''Kristsúðin'', built at Bergen from 1262-3, which was {{convert|260|ft|m|0}} long, of 37 rooms.<ref>N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660-1649'' (London: Penguin UK, 2004), {{ISBN|0-14-191257-X}}, pp. 74-5.</ref> In 1263 Hakon responded to [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]]'s designs on the Hebrides by personally leading a major fleet of forty vessels, including
[[File:The Yellow Carvel in action, detail from an illustration in a children's history book.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Andrew Wood's flagship, The Yellow Carvel, in action, from a children's history book (1906)]]
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After the establishment of Scottish independence, King [[Robert the Bruce|Robert I]] turned his attention to building up a Scottish naval capacity. This was largely focused on the west coast, with the Exchequer Rolls of 1326 recording the feudal duties of his vassals in that region to aid him with their vessels and crews. Towards the end of his reign he supervised the building of at least one royal [[man-of-war]] near his palace at [[Cardross, Argyll and Bute|Cardross]] on the [[River Clyde]]. In the late fourteenth century naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, Flemish and French merchantmen and privateers.<ref name=Grant>J. Grant, "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710", ''Publications of the Navy Records Society'', 44 (London: Navy Records Society, 1913-4), pp. i-xii.</ref> King [[James I of Scotland]] (1394-1437, reigned 1406–1437), took a greater interest in naval power. After his return to Scotland in 1424, he established a shipbuilding yard at [[Leith]], a house for marine stores, and a workshop. King's ships were built and equipped there to be used for trade as well as war, one of which accompanied him on his expedition to the Islands in 1429. The office of [[Lord High Admiral of Scotland|Lord High Admiral]] was probably founded in this period.<ref name=Grant/> It would soon become a hereditary office, in the control of the [[Earls of Bothwell]] in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the [[Earls of Lennox]] in the seventeenth century.<ref name=Murdoch2010p10>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513-1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|90-04-18568-2}}, p. 10.</ref>
King [[James II of Scotland|James II]] (1430-1460, reigned 1437–1460) is known to have purchased a [[caravel]] by 1449.<ref name=Rodger2004pp166-7/> Around 1476 the Scottish merchant John Barton received [[letters of marque]] that allowed him to gain compensation for the capture of his vessels by the Portuguese by capturing ships under their colours. These letters would be repeated to his three sons John, [[Andrew Barton (privateer)|Andrew]] and [[Robert Barton of Over Barnton|Robert]], who would play a major part in the Scottish naval effort into the sixteenth century.<ref>E. P. Statham, ''Privateers and Privateering'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011), {{ISBN|110802629X}}, pp. 19-20.</ref> In his struggles with his nobles in 1488 [[James III of Scotland|James III]] (r. 1451–88) received assistance from his two warships
==Sixteenth century==
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{{Main|James IV of Scotland}}
[[File:Model of 'The Michael', Newhaven Primary School, Edinburgh.JPG|thumb|upright|right|A model of ''[[Michael (ship)|the Great Michael]]'', the largest ship in the world when launched in 1511]]
James IV put the naval enterprise on a new footing, founding a harbour at [[Newhaven, Edinburgh|Newhaven]] in May 1504, and two years later ordering the construction of a dockyard at the Pools of [[Airth]]. The upper reaches of the Forth were protected by new fortifications on [[Inchgarvie]].<ref>N. Macdougall, ''James IV'' (Tuckwell, 1997), {{ISBN|0859766632}}, p. 235.</ref> Scottish ships had some success against privateers, accompanied the king in his expeditions in the islands and intervened in conflicts in [[Scandinavia]] and the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=Grantppi-xii>J. Grant, "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710", ''Publications of the Navy Records Society'', 44 (London: Navy Records Society, 1913–14), pp. i-xii.</ref> Expeditions to the Highlands to Islands to curb the power of the [[Clan Donald|MacDonald]] [[Lord of the Isles]] were largely ineffective until in 1504 the king accompanied a squadron under Wood heavily armed with artillery, which battered the MacDonald strongholds into submission. Since some of these island fortresses could only be attacked from seaward, naval historian N. A. M. Rodger has suggested this may have marked the end of medieval naval warfare in the [[British Isles]], ushering in a new tradition of [[Naval artillery in the Age of Sail|artillery warfare]].<ref name=Rodger2004pp166-7/> The king acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scottish Navy, including
In the [[Battle of Flodden|Flodden campaign]] the fleet consisted of 16 large and 10 smaller craft. After a raid on [[Carrickfergus]] in Ireland, it joined up with the French and had little impact on the war. After the disaster at Flodden the Great Michael, and perhaps other ships, were sold to the French and the king's ships disappeared from royal records after 1516. Scottish naval efforts would again rely on privateering captains and hired merchantmen during the minority of James V.<ref name=Grantppi-xii/> In the [[Italian War of 1521–26|Habsburg-Valois war]] of 1521–26, in which England and Scotland became involved on respective sides, the Scots had six men-of-war active attacking English and Imperial shipping and they blockaded the Humber in 1523. Although prizes were taken by Robert Barton and other captains, the naval campaign was sporadic and indecisive.<ref>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|9004185682}}, pp. 36-7.</ref>
===Privateers===
Scots privateers and pirates preyed upon shipping in the North Sea and off the Atlantic coast of France. Scotland's [[Admiralty court]] judged whether a captured ship was a lawful prize and dealt with the recovery of goods. As the court was entitled to a tenth of the value of a prize, it was a profitable business for the admiral. The privateers Andrew and Robert Barton were still using their letters of reprisal of 1506 against the Portuguese in 1561. The Bartons operated down the east coast of Britain from Leven and the Firth of Forth, while others used the French Channel ports such as Rouen and Dieppe or the Atlantic port of Brest as bases.<ref name=Dawson2007pp181-2>J. E. A. Dawson, ''Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), {{ISBN|0748614559}}, pp. 181-2.</ref> In 1507 Robert Barton with
===James V===
{{Main|James V of Scotland}}
[[File:AnthonyRoll-27 Salamander.jpg|thumb|left|The captured ''Salamander'', in the English [[Anthony Roll]]]]
James V entered his majority in 1524. He did not share his father's interest in developing a navy, relying on French gifts such as
The chief employment of naval power in his reign was in a series of expeditions to the Isles and France. In 1536 the king circumnavigated the Isles, embarking at [[Pittenween]] in [[Fife]] and landing [[Whithorn]] in [[Galloway]].<ref>J. Cameron, ''James V'' (Tuckwell, 1998), {{ISBN|1904607780}}, p. 239.</ref> Later in the year he sailed from [[Kirkcaldy]] with six ships including the 600 ton ''Mary Willoughby'', and arrived at [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]] to begin his courtship of his first wife [[Madeleine of Valois]].<ref>J. Cameron, ''James V'' (Tuckwell, 1998), {{ISBN|1904607780}}, pp. 152-53.</ref> After his marriage he sailed from [[Le Havre]] in
===Rough Wooing===
{{Main|Rough Wooing}}
[[File:Scottish armed merchantman under attack.jpg|thumb|right|A Scottish armed merchantman engaged in the Baltic trade is attacked by a Hanseatic ship. Detail from [[Carta marina]], by [[Olaus Magnus]].]]
During the Rough Wooing, the attempt to force a marriage between James V's heir [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] and [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s son, the future [[Edward VI]], in 1542,
When, as a result of the series of international treaties, Charles V declared war upon Scotland in 1544, the Scots were able to engage in a highly profitable campaign of privateering that lasted six years and the gains of which probably outweighed the losses in trade with the Low Countries.<ref name=Dawson2007pp181-2/>
===Reformation crisis===
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===Marian Civil War===
{{Main|Marian Civil War}}
After [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] was captured at the [[battle of Carberry Hill]], the [[Earl of Bothwell]] took ship to Shetland. The [[Privy Council of Scotland|Privy Council]] sent [[William Kirkcaldy of Grange]] and [[William Murray of Tullibardine]] in pursuit in August 1567. Some of their ships came from Dundee, including
When Mary's supporters, led by Kirkcaldy, held [[Edinburgh Castle]] in April 1573, prolonging civil war in Scotland, the guns from Stirling Castle were brought to Leith in four boats. [[Regent Morton]] hired two ships in Leith with their masters John Cockburn and William Downy and 80 men for eight days. These masters of Leith sailed to [[Berwick upon Tweed]] to meet and convoy the English ships carrying the guns to bombard Edinburgh Castle.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer'', vol. 12 (Edinburgh (1970), 344.</ref>
===James VI goes to Denmark===
James VI hired ships for his ambassadors and other uses, and in 1588
==Seventeenth century==
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Although Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary [[impressment]] thanks to [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast [[burgh]]s during the second half of the seventeenth century.<ref>D. Brunsman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ypImFPnX_1UC&pg=PT77&dq=press+gang+scotland+royal+navy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zBPCUZLBO7Kb0wXbuoGABA&redir_esc=y ''The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World''] (University of Virginia Press, 2013), {{ISBN|0813933528}}.</ref> Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime, such as the small ship-of-the-line [[HMS Kingfisher (1675)|HMS ''Kingfisher'']], which bombarded [[Carrick Castle]] during the [[Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll|Earl of Argyll]]'s rebellion in 1685.<ref>A. Campbell, ''A History Of Clan Campbell: From The Restoration To The Present Day'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0748617906}}, p. 44.</ref> Scotland went to war against the Dutch and their allies in the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War|Second]] (1665–67) and [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]]s (1672–74) as an independent kingdom. A very large number of Scottish captains, at least as many as 80 and perhaps 120, took letters of marque, and privateers played a major part in the naval conflict of the wars.<ref name=Murdoch2010pp239-41>S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare 1513–1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), {{ISBN|9004185682}}, pp. 239-41.</ref>
By 1697 the English Royal Navy had 323 warships, while Scotland was still dependent on merchantman and privateers. In the 1690s, two separate schemes for larger naval forces were put in motion. As usual, the larger part was played by the merchant community rather than the government. The first was the [[Darien Scheme]] to found a Scottish colony in Spanish controlled America. It was undertaken by the [[Company of Scotland]], who created a fleet of five ships, including
After the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707, the Scottish Navy merged with that of England. The office of Lord High Admiral was subsumed within the office of the [[List of Lords High Admiral|Admiral of Great Britain]].<ref name=Murdoch2010p10/> The three vessels of the small Royal Scottish Navy were transferred to the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name=Grantp48>J. Grant, "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710", ''Publications of the Navy Records Society'', 44 (London: Navy Records Society, 1913–14), p. 48.</ref> A number of Scottish officers eventually left the Royal Navy for service in the fledgling [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian navy]] of [[Peter the Great]]. These included the captain of
==Officers==
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