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Lydenburg is a town in Thaba Chweu Local Municipality, on the Mpumalanga highveld, South Africa. Alternatively and originally known as Mashishing, Lydenburg is situated on the Sterkspruit/Dorps River tributary of the Lepelle River at the summit of the Long Tom Pass. It has a long, rich history, ranging from AD 500 to the present. The name is derived from the Dutch Lijdenburg, or "Town of Suffering".[2] In Northern Sotho, Mashishing means "long green grass."[3] Lydenburg has become the centre of the South African fly-fishing industry and is an agricultural, tourism and mining hub.
Lydenburg
Mashishing | |
|---|---|
 Dutch Reformed Church, Lydenburg | |
  Lydenburg  Lydenburg  Lydenburg | |
| Coordinates: 25°05′46″S 30°26′46″E / 25.096°S 30.446°E | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Mpumalanga |
| District | Ehlanzeni |
| Municipality | Thaba Chweu |
| Area | |
| • Total | 17.31 km2 (6.68 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Total | 37,258 |
| • Density | 2,200/km2 (5,600/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| • Black African | 75.3% |
| • Coloured | 1.4% |
| • Indian/Asian | 0.5% |
| • White | 22.5% |
| • Other | 0.3% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| • Northern Sotho | 26.2% |
| • Afrikaans | 22.8% |
| • Swazi | 18.7% |
| • Zulu | 13.1% |
| • Other | 19.2% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 1120 |
| PO box | 1120 |
| Area code | 013 |
History
Lydenburg Heads
Dating back to AD 500, the earliest known forms of African Iron Age sculpture below the equator, known as the Lydenburg heads were found in the area. The seven earthenware sculptures of heads and other pottery from the site are intricately decorated and may have been used for ceremonial or initiation purposes. However, this is speculative as there is little we know today about the people who made these sculptures.[4] Their existence nevertheless points to Lydenburg's remarkable heritage.
Pre-colonial History
The Lydenburg area has a long history of human occupation. Rock paintings in surrounding areas point to early Khoe-San hunter-gather groups living on the land.[5] In addition to the Lydenburg heads, there is significant Iron Age evidence of settlement of the area possibly by the Bakoni people. There is evidence of Bapedi people living in Lydenburg as early as the 1700s. t.[6]
Colonial history
Mashishing, later renamed Lydenburg (place of suffering), was colonis ed in 1849 by a group of Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Potgieter when they abandoned their previous settlement Ohrigstad (to the north) due to a malaria epidemic. The town became the capital of the Lydenburg Republic ('De Republiek Lydenburg in Zuid Afrika')in 1856 and later in 1857 joined the Republic of Utrecht but in 1860 both these republics joined the Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek (ZAR). The town became the capital of the Lydenburg District of the South African Republic (ZAR).
Lydenburg became important because it was on the wagon route to the port of Delagoa Bay (now Maputo Bay) which was free of British control. In 1871 construction of the road was started by Abraham Espag under the orders of President Thomas François Burgers. The first wagons arrived in Lydenburg from Delagoa Bay in 1874.
On 6 February 1873, alluvial gold was discovered and within 3 months the Lydenburg goldfields were proclaimed. The First Boer War broke out between Britain and the Transvaal Republic in 1880. A British garrison under Lieutenant Walter Hillyar Colquhoun Long (uncle of the 1st Viscount Long) occupied Lydenburg to control the goldfields. It was from here that the ill-fated 94th Regiment under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Robert Anstruther marched to Pretoria. The remainder of the garrison at Lydenburg was besieged from 6 January 1881,[7] following Long's refusal to surrender the garrison on 23 December 1880.[8]
Land such as Boomplaats and Aapiesdoorndraai farms, near the town, was purchased by black South Africans in the early 1900s before the 1913 Land Act severely restricted black land ownership in South Africa.[9] The communities here developed and irrigated the initially arid area into valuable and productive farms.[9]
By 1910 the railway reached Lydenburg. In 1927 Lydenburg became a municipality.
Apartheid-Era History
Forced removals from farms surrounding Lydenburg began in the early 1940s and continued through the 1960s.[10] Residents on the farms, especially through the ICU, ANC and local chiefs, resisted the removals in different ways depending on local circumstances and allegiances. Often violently, the apartheid state removed the families to farms further from the town or to Sekhukhuneland. In 2001, in one of South Africa's first completed land restitution claims, Boomplaats farm was bought from Willem Pretorius and returned by the state to the Dinkwanyane community.[11]
Name change
In June 2006, it was announced that Arts and Culture minister, Pallo Jordan, had approved the name change of Lydenburg back to its original name Mashishing (meaning "long, green grass").[12] However, the decision was appealed to court which ruled the change illegal and ordered the name to be changed back to Lydenburg. However, the township outside Lydenburg remains Mashishing. Road signs still say Lydenburg and businesses and local buildings such as the Lydenburg Museum have kept the old name. However, some road signs say Mashishing towards the more developed part of the town.[citation needed]
Education
- Marambane Primary School
- Lydenburg Primary School
- Höerskool Lydenburg Highschool
- Mashishing Secondary School
- Mashishing Campus Ehlanzeni TVET College
Tourist attractions
- Lydenburg Museum
- Long Tom Pass
- Sterkspruit Nature Reserve
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "Sub Place Lydenburg". Census 2011.
- ^ "South Africa". worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ "Old South Africa collides with new in city names - The Mail & Guardian".
- ^ https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lyde/hd_lyde.htm
- ^ "History – MAWR". Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ "Mashishing (Lydenburg), Mpumalanga". artefacts.co.za. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ M. Gough Palmer. "The Besieged Towns of the First Boer War, 1880-1881". Retrieved 15 December 2013.
The Boers took up a position two miles off on the road to Middelburg on 3 January 1881 and commenced their attack on the 6th.
- ^ M. Gough Palmer. "The Besieged Towns of the First Boer War, 1880-1881". Retrieved 15 December 2013.
On 23 December Long was visited by Dietrich Muller who said he had been deputed by the Boer Government to demand the immediate surrender of the garrison which was refused by Long.
- ^ a b https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/Removals%20and%20Resistance%20Rural%20Communities%20in%20Lydenburg%20South%20Africa%201940-1961.pdf
- ^ Schirmer, Stefan (1996). "Removals & Resistance: Rural Communities In Lydenburg, South Africa, 1940-1961" (PDF). Journal of Historical Sociology. 9: 213–242. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1996.tb00184.x.
- ^ "State takes Lydenburg farm". News24. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ "Lydenburg takes on new name".