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Socionics

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Socionics, in psychology and sociology, is a pseudoscientific[11] theory of information processing and psycho-informational types as types of informational metabolism (TIM), which are considered as types of organization of mental, cognitive processes. Therefore, socionics is also defined as informational bionics. [12]). A number of reference books and textbooks on psychology and social sciences, as well as a number of researchers, define socionics as a science that studies and models the information structure of the psyche, the information interaction of a person with the world and offers an information theory of relations between people. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Some psychologists also write about types of informational metabolism as "personality types", but this is an extremely simplified approach in understanding the specifics of their structure and work, which often leads to confusion. In socionics, the types of information metabolism and information interaction between them and with the outside world are considered, modeled and described as types of complex, but internally integral information models, which, depending on the degree of their detail, are applied both to the consideration of the individual and, in a more abstract form, to the social psychology and sociology - to various small and large social groups. Types of informational metabolism are also called psychophysiological types, since their physiological basis is neural networks and other brain structures. [32] [33] [34][35] Socionic types of informational metabolism have nothing to do with personality models, such as Big Five and others like it. Therefore, a number of researchers single out and consider several independent and complementary models, including the socionic model, the Big Five personality trait model, Maruyama's cybernetic mindscape theory, as deserving of special attention due to their importance for the study of personality.[36] In mathematical psychology, socionic models are also used to describe mental processes. [37][38] The functions of information metabolism determine the orientation of a person in the surrounding world. They perceive and process information about objects and subjects, their static and dynamic states, spatial forms, spatial and temporal relationships, the dynamics of the development of processes, the possibilities of using any objects to achieve their goals, the degree of orderliness of the surrounding world, internal connections and patterns in it. Therefore, they are completely different from the psychological personality traits of the Big Five, such as openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism and their facets. Socionics is distinguished by its information model of the psyche (called "Model A") and a model of interpersonal relations. It incorporates Carl Jung's work on Psychological Types with Antoni Kępiński's theory of information metabolism. Socionics is a bionic, cybernetic generalization of Jung's personality type theory that uses eight cognitive functions of information metabolism (FIM), in contrast to Jung's model, which used only four psychic functions. These cognitive functions are supposed to process information at varying levels of competency and interact with the corresponding function in other individuals, giving rise to predictable reactions and impressions—a theory of intertype relations.[39][40] In contrast to the generally accepted views in personality psychology on age-related variability of the human psyche,[41][42] socionics distinguishes 16 рsychophysiological types or types of informational metabolism unchanged throughout life.[43] The issue of the existence of personality types is considered by modern personality psychology to be extremely controversial.[42] However, the immutability of socionic рsychophysiological types is determined by the stability of their neural structures in the brain. At the same time, psychological personality traits can evolve and change throughout life.[32][44][45][46] The special commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Commission on Pseudoscience) has placed socionics among such well-known pseudosciences as astrology and homeopathy.[2]

Socionics was developed in the 1970s and 1980s, primarily by the Lithuanian researcher Aušra Augustinavičiūtė, an economist and dean of the Vilnius Pedagogical University's department of family science.[47] The name "socionics" is derived from the word "society", because Augustinavičiūtė believed that each socionic type of informational metabolism has a distinct purpose in society, which can be described and explained by socionics.[48][49][50]

The central idea of socionics is that information about the surrounding world, spatial forms, objects and their change in time is divided into eight categories, called information aspects or information elements, which a person's psyche processes using eight information interaction of eight functions of informational metabolism, sometimes called psychological functions.[39] Each sociotype has a different correspondence between functions and information elements, which results in different ways of perceiving, processing, and producing information. These ways of perceiving, processing and producing information, forms of thinking are in no way connected with the psychological traits of the personality, which are determined by the Big Five and are additional to them. Socionics' theory of intertype relations is based on the informational interaction of these functions between types.[49][39][51]Socionics studies the mechanisms by which a person perceives and evaluates the information coming to him. In this regard, a person is considered as a psycho-information system with specific communication channels. Human communication, accordingly, appears as an exchange of information, while the term "information" is understood quite broadly: information can be verbal and non-verbal, expressed in gestures and facial expressions, feelings, moods, and impressions from works of art are informational in nature. [52] [53]

Independent authors point to the insufficient empirical validity of socionics both in its basis and in its further development, as well as the practical absence of studies on socionics outside the former USSR. In the West, the term 'socionics' (Template:Lang-de) is used in a different sense, to refer to an interdisciplinary area of research on distributed artificial intelligence systems and their applications to sociology.[54][55]

A feature of modern socionics is the use of generalized information models. Therefore, in information socionic modeling by subjects of information interactions and the relationships that follow from them can be not only individuals (whose relationships are considered more by personality socionics), but also groups of people, collectives, and even ethnic groups and states - this is the subject of consideration, more abstract, "integral socionics".[56][57][58]

In 1995 socionics was recognized as a discovery by the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and its creator Augustinavičiūtė was granted a certificate of discovery (diploma) and a medal.[59][60]

Purpose

Socionics provides a means of predicting the character of relations and degree of business compatibility, information sharing and psychological compatibility of people before their joining in one collective group, i.e. to solve the "inverse task" of sociometry.[61]

According to Aleksandr Bukalov and Betty Lou Leaver, socionics uses Jungian typology, informational model of psyche, and theory of information metabolism for political and sociological analysis.[62][63]

According to G. Fink and B. Mayrhofer, socionics is considered one of the four most popular models of personality (including cybernetic theory Maruyama, five-factor model, Big Five" and typology Myers–Briggs Type Indicator), deserving special attention because of its importance in the study of personality.[64]

According to J. Horwood, and A. Maw, socionics is a science developed by Augustinavičiūtė in the 1970s. Augustinavičiūtė and her colleagues worked with Carl Jung's personality typologies to develop personality-based relationship profiles. It was found that the nature and development of interpersonal relationships (both professional and personal) are far from random. Instead, they are based on how well suited each individual's psychological profiles are to one another, allowing Augustinavičiūtė to develop 16 'socionic types' predicting and describing the interpersonal relationships between any combination of Jung's personality types.[50]

According to R. Blutner and E. Hochnadel, "socionics is not so much a theory of personalities per se, but much more a theory of type relations providing an analysis of the relationships that arise as a consequence of the interaction of people with different personalities."[65]

Philosopher L. Monastyrsky treats socionics as pre-science. At the same time, L. Monastyrsky himself proposes to pay attention to "the concept of socionic type".[66]

Philosopher E. Pletuhina defines socionics as the study about the information interaction of the human psyche with the outside world, between people. She also defines it as the doctrine of psychological types of people and the relationships between them, as well as notes that the particular quality of socionics is that it considers the innate qualities of the human psyche, including the personality type, which cannot be arbitrarily changed without prejudice to the mental and physical health.[67]

History

The basic structure of socionics was established in the 1960s and 1970s by Augustinavičiūtė,[68][clarification needed] along with a group of enthusiasts who met in Vilnius, Lithuania. What resulted from their discussions and Augustinavičiūtė's personal investigations was an information model of the psyche and of interpersonal interaction based on Jung's typology but with eight psychic functions rather than four.[69] Augustinavičiūtė's first works on socionics[65] were published between 1978 and 1980.

Relation to the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

Main article: Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

According to Betty Lou Leaver, Madeline Ehrman, and Boris Shekhtman, like the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), socionics is a sixteen-type derivative of Jung's work. Unlike MBTI, which is widely criticized[70] for the lack of validity and utility,[71] the socionics model strives to stay very close to the original descriptions and type labels suggested by Carl Jung.[72] According to Betty Lou Leaver, "today's concepts of personality emanate most frequently from the work of Carl Jung, whose theories and research have blossomed into a juncture of philosophical and sociological inquiry. This field of inquiry has been called socionics."[63]

According to Sergei Moshenkov and Tung Tang Wing, "MBTI and Socionics are contemporary sister sciences that categorize and describe human personality types in accordance to the predominance of certain mental faculties called psychic functions by Dr. Carl Jung."[73]

A. Shmelev in his review of the book "MBTI: type definition" by I. Myers-Briggs and P. Myers notes the highest popularity of socionic books in Russian and remarks that their authors are appealing to the literary and artistic associations of the mass reader, in contradistinction to books on MBTI, which contain the empirical and statistical data on the types distribution in professional groups.[74] S.A. Bogomaz considers the socionic typology as a version of post-Jung typology and believes that on a number of criteria it is more perspective than MBTI for the study of the differences between people, because it expands the volume of the typological features and offers an opportunity to form various typological groups with different motivations, attitudes, temperament, perception of information and thinking styles. It is also important the existence of preconditions to study intertype relations, that are substantially not developed within MBTI. S.A. Bogomaz thinks that the creation of the theory of intertype relationships is undoubtedly contribution of Augustinavičiūtė to the development of Jung typologies.[75]

Socionics as an academic discipline

Through the work of the International Institute of Socionics and other schools of socionics, there are four scientific peer-reviewed journals (on the practical application of the methods of socionics in management, consulting, psychology, pedagogy, education, psychotherapy, and humanities)[76] and an annual International conference on socionics.[77] The Institute gives "popularization and proliferation of socionic knowledge" as one of its goals.[78]

Svetlana V. Ivanova notes that socionics is taught in more than 150 universities in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS and European Union countries.[79][80] Some universities in Russia (including Altai State Technical University,[81] Bashkir State University,[82][83] Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University,[84] and Saint Petersburg State University[85]) Ukraine,[86] Bulgaria,[87] and Romania,[88] have published or commissioned a number of textbooks and monographs on socionics, or on psychology, pedagogy and management, which socionics and its methods are devoted to specific topics.[original research?]

Areas of research include educational socionics,[89][90] sociological socionics,[91] aviation socionics,[92][93] library socionics,[94][95] technical socionics, linguistic socionics, penitentiary socionics, and socionics in other subject areas.

Socionics is used in education, not only as a tool for teachers to manage the learning process,[96] but also as a basis for the development and improvement of education and training.[87] Bogdanova claim that a teacher holding socionic knowledge and technologies can consciously collaborate with others and improve professional efficiency.[97] Targeted use of intertype relations helps intensify the didactic process, increase the motivation of students.[98] Socionics is also used to assess the individual psychological and personal qualities to forecast the success of employee career.[99]

Izmailova and Kiseleva found socionics interesting to be applied in advertising[100] and marketing, because it allows you to explain the reasons for the behavior of consumers.[101]

Socionics is a tool for the study of personality and creativity of the writer, the typology of the characters in his works.[102] The method of linguistic-socionic modeling proposed by L. M. Komissarova,[103] used for analysis of individual lexicon of language personality.[104] A translation of socionic characteristics in verbal ones is called the "method of linguistic-socionic modeling" and widely used.[105][106]

Socionic methods have been proposed for the modeling of information processes in the "human-machine" systems,[107] and practically used to model systems "aircraft operator" in pilots' training,[92] and other similar areas.

Due to the variety of applications of socionics, its concepts and information models, in the 1990s, Bukalov proposed to distinguish socionics of personality, or differential socionics, and generalized, more abstract integral socionics.[108] Bukalov believes that the concept of information metabolism, cybernetic modeling and general systems theory extends beyond of psychology and sociology, and consider the relationship of technical information devices, and the types of information human interactions as operator with various technical and electronic management systems of major industries, including chemical, nuclear power stations, complex computer complexes with adaptive tunable to a specific operator interfaces.[108]

Propagation of socionics

International Institute of Socionics lists a number of academic publications on socionics in English in peer-reviewed journals.[109] Since 2000 socionics as a scientific discipline and a field of research has been recognized in Russia and Ukraine.[109][110][original research?]

Socionics technologies in management, staff recruitment and team building

Management is the area concerned with the application of both theoretical and practical socionics methods and S-technologies.[111][112] Management of Deutsche Bank is using socionics methods to evaluate potential of its future employees.[113] Prof. J. Horwood and Prof. A. Maw used socionics to form the surgical ambulances[50] Socinics model has been implemented in enterprises of the world's largest aluminium company Rusal for evaluating its employees.[114] Different tools are used to define sociotypes, this involves observing and testing based on well-known test methods.[115]

Experimental research of aircraft control services, which was conducted at St. Petersburg State University had found that quality of interaction integral controller which was calculated on the basis of SMoIR (socionics model of intertype relationships) is correlated with sociometric data colour test relations.[116]

Modeling of situations in groups can be done in two ways: by forming small groups based on socionics structure (quadras, clubs and temperament types) or by analysis of intertype relations between team members. Choice of approach depends on the goals set. If a goal is to analyse a situation in the team and the interaction between its members, then the best choice is the intertype analysis between members[117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][clarification needed][126][127]

Nuclear power plants' security

A person who does not have clear understanding of his duties, or somebody who takes his work as a dangerous activity, will commit more mistakes while working in short supply than a person who is not stressed by social factors. In order to reduce this kind of stressor, on some plants, for example on Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant were implemented testing, which were conducting communication trainings and other socionics methods.[128] Also socionics approaches are taught in terms of courses training staff reserve on Leningrad nuclear power plant.[129]

Socionics principles implemented to security system of nuclear power plants are described in a textbook.[130] It includes analysis of the social structure of the staff, the concept of which coincides with the notion of psychoinformative space of collectives in integral socionics. Socionics tools combined with psycho informational theory of relationships are using to describe various models of human interaction with complex technological processes that take place in enterprises and transport.[131]

Pedagogical socionics

The concepts and methods of socionics are widely used in pedagogy, this collaboration creates a new scientific branch – pedagogical socionics.[132][133]

Pletuhina noted that the parent, trainer or teacher, who knows the theory of socionics, who also understands an idea of the "image of a socionics type" and who can determine the child's personality type with a sufficient degree of probability can use those opportunities of the individual approaches that socionics provides to raise and educate a child.[67]

The role that socionics takes in the educational process is not limited to being a teacher's tool for the managing process.[134] It is also a base for development and improving the educational system and for preparing staff. Teachers armed with socionics technology can consciously establish relationships with other people and increase efficiency of their pedagogical skills.[135] Rational implementation of intertype relationships can push educational process to become more intensive and increase students' motivation.[136][137]

Socionics is also researched practical methods and techniques dedicated to evaluation person's individual psychological values to prognoses professional success.[138] Keneva, Marchenko, and Minaev argue that socionics might become a theoretical base for personal-oriented educational technologies.[139][140]

Socionics in astronautics

In Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center which located in Star City, Russia socionics methods are successfully used since 1992 for training Russian astronauts and international astronauts' crews and preparing them to spaceflights.[citation needed] Interpersonal issues and effective collaboration are extremely important in extreme conditions while working in a close space and are vital for successful spaceflight.[141] In Star City conducted number of science seminars based on socionics methods and person typology to training space crews. Forming space crews by socionics methods was a central topic at the International conference on space researches,[142] at the Space Forum 2011[143] and at the conference "Piloted flights into Space", also these issues were discussed in works of Doctor of medical science Professor Bohdashevsky, Doctor of philosophy Bukalov A.V. and Doctor of philosophy Karpenko O.B.[143][clarification needed]

Aviation socionics

According to order of the Ministry of transport of Russian Federation Flight Standards Department approved a default application "Training of pilots in the field of human factor", which expects basic socionics knowledge not only among pilots and other crew members, but also prognosing interaction in air crews by socionics methods.[144]

To improve interaction among crew members, specialists of Saint Petersburg University examined 2330 people by socionics methods, including university students; aircrews of airlines; air traffic controllers; professors from almost all flight academies of Russia; delegates from Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, and Estonia.[citation needed]

This database represents result of 10 years of scientific work. In their research, authors are relying on fundamental works of the Kyiv School of Socionics, International Institute of Socionics, publications in journals "Socionics, mentology and personal psychology", "Management and personnel: management psychology, socionics and sociology".[145]

According to the experimental results were obtained socionics and sociometric data of air traffic controllers and correlation analyses of its parameters, also was determined the connection's intensity between person's interaction levels. The practical values of this research is to develop automated module to determine individual characteristic of operators and to evaluate the effectiveness of socionics in the management of air traffic, particular in special cases of flight[146]

Jung's psychological types

Main article: Psychological Types

Carl Jung describes four psychological functions that are capable of becoming applicable psychically, but to differing degrees in individuals:[147]

  • Sensation – all perceptions by means of the sense organs
  • Intuition – perception by way of the unconscious, or perception of unconscious events
  • Thinking (in socionics, Logic) – judgement of information based on reason
  • Feeling (in socionics, Ethics) – judgement of information based on sentiment

In addition to these four types, Jung defines a polarity between introverted and extraverted personalities. This distinction is based on how people invest energy: either into the inner, subjective, psychical world (usually called Seele, soul, by Jung), or toward their outer, objective, physical world (including one's body).

By Jung's rules, 16 psychological types exist. But in his book "Psychological Types" he described in detail only 8, distinguished by the 8 possible dominant functions. Contrary to Socionics and MBTI, Jung did not conclude that the types had two introverted functions and two extroverted functions. He instead outlined that extroverted personality types had a Dominant extroverted function, with the remaining functions being of varying if lower levels of development that range from being Inferior introverted functions that are necessarily retarded to auxiliary functions that lie in the middle.[148]

Information metabolism elements (often confused with memetics)

 

In socionics, Jung's cognitive functions are always either introverted (focused on refining quality) or extroverted (focused on increasing quantity), and are referred to as information metabolism elements (IM Elements).[149] These are said to process information aspects. To understand what an information aspect is, it is necessary to understand information metabolism as Augustinavičiūtė understood it.

Augustinavičiūtė states that the human mind uses eight elements of information metabolism (mental functions) to perceive the world, and each of these eight elements reflect one particular aspect of objective reality.[150] In her works she describes aspects of the world based on physical quantities such as potential and kinetic energy, space, time, and their properties.

Often, other socionists have equated these information elements with their definition and according to fundamental physical concepts as well (Matter-Time-Energy-Space).[151][152]). Matter is compared to Thinking, Energy to Feeling, Space to Sensing, and Time to Intuition. Given the division of aspects of the absolute between Extroverted ("black") and Introverted ("white"), being four times two, their number is eight.[citation needed]

The 8 socionics symbols (               ) were introduced by Augustinavičiūtė while working with Jung's typology[150][clarification needed] and remain the dominant method of denoting the functions and the corresponding information aspects that they process. Text-based notation systems are also used, such as Victor Gulenko's 8 Latin letters ('P' for Pragmatism, 'E' for Emotions, 'F' for Force, 'I' for Ideas, 'L' for Laws, 'R' for Relation, 'S' for Senses, and 'T' for Time, respectively),[153] or Myers-Briggs notation (Te, Fe, Se, Ne, Ti, Fi, Si, and Ni, respectively).[154]

Element Abstracted definition Gulenko Name Symbol Description
Extroverted Logic External dynamics of objects Pragmatism
(P)		   Judgement of the efficiency of actions and technical processes, the prudence of a method or approach and how it will work practically. P is geared towards facts and assesses situations based on what happened, looking to convey information as accurately as possible, making communication dry and matter-of-fact. In this sense, it is the opposite of Emotions. P approaches systems in terms of how they can be improved, changing and adding to one's knowledge through empirical observation in order to increase functionality and profitability. In this sense, it is the inverse of Laws.
Extroverted Ethics Internal dynamics of objects Emotions
(E)		   Judgement of the infectiousness of expressions and emotional states, the appeal of a message or image and how someone will react emotionally. E is geared towards feelings and assesses situations based on how people feel, looking to convey one's emotions as authentically as possible, making communication exaggerated and charged with passion. In this sense, E is the opposite of Pragmatism. E approaches people in terms of how they are made to feel, provoking and changing people's emotions through expressive actions in order to raise excitement and enthusiasm. In this sense, is the inverse of Relations.
Extroverted Sensation External statics of objects Force
(F)		   Perception of physical objects and the amount of space they take up in the real world, the impact something has on its environment and the threat it poses to other objects. F is geared towards action and decides immediately on quick assessments of superficial, concrete data, making the approach direct and imbued with a harsh determination. In this sense, it is the opposite of Ideas. F approaches reality in terms of the clash of opposing forces, winning over weaker opponents and looking to push a situation to their advantage, even if that requires an intense struggle. In this sense, it is the inverse of Senses.
Extroverted Intuition Internal statics of objects Ideas
(I)		   Perception of abstract concepts and the amount of potential they could hold, the multiple alternatives to any proposition and their latent capabilities. I is geared towards speculation and likes to consider different possibilities, giving unorthodox perspectives a chance, making the approach indirect and roundabout in a whimsical way. In this sense, it is the opposite of Force. I approaches what is possible in terms of expanding its variety, opening new doors and wandering wherever curiosity points next, avoiding any kind of limitation. In this sense, it is the inverse of Time.
Introverted Logic External statics of fields Laws
(L)		   Responsible for understanding logic and structure, categorizations, ordering and priorities, logical analysis and distinctions, logical explanations. L interprets information according to how it fits into a validating system. L is particularly aware of logical consistency and how concepts relate to each other in meaning and structure, independently of particular purposes.
Introverted Ethics Internal statics of fields Relations
(R)		   Responsible for understanding the quality, nature, and appropriate distance of personal relations; makes subjective judgments; and aspires to goodness of character. R has a strong understanding of a person's nature and intentions, one person's feelings towards another, their attitudes of like or dislike, and based on this information, how intimate or distant a relationship should be.
Introverted Sensation External dynamics of fields Senses
(S)		   Responsible for detailed perception of physical sensations; questions of comfort, utility, and pleasure; and a sense of harmony and acclimation with one's environment (especially physical). S understands how well a person or thing's behavior agrees with its nature as well as the differences between comfortable behaviors and positions and uncomfortable ones.
Introverted Intuition Internal dynamics of fields Time
(T)		   Responsible for the imagination of how things will develop over time, a sense of what is meaningful or transcendent and the understanding that some things are inevitable. T understands how causes in the past lead through to outcomes in the future. T is acutely aware of long-term trends and tendencies that are occurring across any single present moment, and sees events as part of a continuous flow. T perceives the possible ramifications of future events and notices ties to the past.

The 16 types

Augustinavičiūtė usually used names like sensory-logical introvert (SLI) to refer to the types. In SLI the leading function is introverted sensation and the creative function is extraverted logic. She also introduced the practice of referring to types by the name of a famous person of the type (although types of these persons are not universally agreed upon, with the old name Napoleon for the SEE being replaced by Caesar after being deemed an inaccurate type assignment). For example, she called the SLI Gabin and the SEI Dumas. Also sometimes names such as Craftsman or Mediator are used to express the social role of the type—a convention introduced by socionist Viktor Gulenko in 1995.[155] Given the formal similarities present between Socionics and the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) abbreviations frequently used in English, some prefer to distinguish socionic type names from Myers–Briggs' names by writing the last letter (J or P) in lower case (for example, ENTp, ESFj)—a practice introduced by Sergei Ganin.[156] This is because the relationship between socionics and Myers–Briggs and Keirseyan types is controversial.

Dmitri Lytov and Marianna Lytova state that "main spheres of application of socionics are almost the same as for the Myers–Briggs Type Theory", and that observed differences in correlation "represent characteristic stereotypes of the socionics and the Keirsey typology.[157] Others state that MBTI and socionics "correlate in roughly 30% of cases," and that "there are many subtle differences".[158][clarification needed] J and P in Socionics and Myers–Briggs are completely different:[159] in Myers–Briggs, J and P stands for the first extraverted function (J—extraverted thinking or feeling, P—extraverted sensing or intuition); in Socionics, J and P stands for the first function (J—rational (thinking and feeling), P—irrational (sensing and intuition)). This formal conversion is carried out in accordance with the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator.

In dividing the socion according to the four Jungian dichotomies, from this is formed 16 socionic types. The following tables provide a list of types with the names most commonly used in socionics:

4-letter
type acronym
(socionics) 		Four functions
(Jung[160]) 		Model A
 Two functions
(socionics) 		Formal name Type alias Social role
ESTj      P1 S2 E3 T4 R5 I6 L7 F8    Logical Sensory Extravert (LSE) Stierlitz Administrator / Director
ENTj      P1 T2 E3 S4 R5 F6 L7 I8    Logical Intuitive Extravert (LIE) Jack London Enterpriser / Pioneer
ESFj      E1 S2 P3 T4 L5 I6 R7 F8    Ethical Sensory Extravert (ESE) Hugo Bonvivant / Enthusiast
ENFj      E1 T2 P3 S4 L5 F6 R7 I8    Ethical Intuitive Extravert (EIE) Hamlet Mentor / Actor
ESTp      F1 L2 I3 R4 T5 E6 S7 P8    Sensory Logical Extravert (SLE) Zhukov Legionnaire / Conqueror
ESFp      F1 R2 I3 L4 T5 P6 S7 E8    Sensory Ethical Extravert (SEE) Napoleon Politician / Ambassador
ENTp      I1 L2 F3 R4 S5 E6 T7 P8    Intuitive Logical Extravert (ILE) Don Quixote Seeker / Inventor
ENFp      I1 R2 F3 L4 S5 P6 T7 E8    Intuitive Ethical Extravert (IEE) Huxley Psychologist / Reporter
ISTp      S1 P2 T3 E4 I5 R6 F7 L8    Sensory Logical Introvert (SLI) Gabin Inspector / Pragmatist
INTp      T1 P2 S3 E4 F5 R6 I7 L8    Intuitive Logical Introvert (ILI) Balzac Critic / Mastermind
ISFp      S1 E2 T3 P4 I5 L6 F7 R8    Sensory Ethical Introvert (SEI) Dumas Mediator / Peacemaker
INFp      T1 E2 S3 P4 F5 L6 I7 R8    Intuitive Ethical Introvert (IEI) Yesenin Lyricist / Romantic
ISTj      L1 F2 R3 I4 E5 T6 P7 S8    Logical Sensory Introvert (LSI) Maxim Gorky Craftsman / Mechanic
ISFj      R1 F2 L3 I4 P5 T6 E7 S8    Ethical Sensory Introvert (ESI) Dreiser Guardian / Conservator
INTj      L1 I2 R3 F4 E5 S6 P7 T8    Logical Intuitive Introvert (LII) Robespierre Analyst / Scientist
INFj      R1 I2 L3 F4 P5 S6 E7 T8    Ethical Intuitive Introvert (EII) Dostoyevsky Humanist / Empath

The second concept is the functional dimensions. It was introduced by Aleksandr Bukalov.[161] He defined the first dimension as the personal experience (Ex), the second dimension as social norms (Nr), the third dimension as the current situation (St), and the fourth dimension as the globality, or time perspective (Tm). This concept is useful because it best illustrates the difference in cognitive power (imagine measuring capability of 2D v. 3D measuring tool) and roughly describes abilities of each function to process and generate information. Still, definitions of dimensions require further research and clarification. For example, the vulnerable function tends to lose knowledge which have not been used.

Criticism

Psychophysiologist Sergey Bogomaz says there is no reason for considering socionics as a separate science. He considers socionic typology to be a Russian version of post-Jung typology, similar to the Myers-Briggs typology, but distinguished by a greater number of typological features and the formulation of prerequisites for the study of intertype relationships. Bogomaz considers the construction of the theory of intertype relationships to be an undoubted contribution of Augustinavičiūtė to the development of Jung typology, but criticized it by stating that there is little experimental data in socionics, there is no empirical verification of many claims, and by having many unsystematic pseudoscientific publications.[32]

Philosopher L. M. Monastirsky[162] identified the use of speculative categories as the first shortcoming of socionics. Secondly, he stated that it lacks clearly defined typing method and each socionics school defines methods of their own. At the same time Monastirsky, recognizing the potential of socionics, proposed to turn to the concept of a socionic type for carrying out some research in the field of the methodology of science.[162]

An important issue in the field of socionics is the problem of convergence between type diagnoses of different analysts. Vladimir Ermak showed that ignorance of model A of the type of information metabolism leads to numerous mistakes in the definition of a socionic type.[163] In the early 2000s, socionic analysts tried to develop more rigorous approaches to type diagnosis.[164]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mineev, V. V. (2014). Введение в историю и философию науки [Introduction to the history and philosophy of science] (in Russian). p. 84. ISBN 978-5-4458-7511-6. [The long list of pseudoscientific concepts today includes: theory of torsion fields, cold fusion projects, wave genetics, japhetic theory, the theory of "living matter", "new chronology", eugenics, dianetics, cryonics, socionics...]
  2. ^ a b Sergeev, A. G. (2017). "Синекдоха отвечания, или Защита гомеопатическая" [Synecdoche of Answering, or Homeopatic Defence] (PDF). В защиту науки [In defense of science] (in Russian) (19): 90. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-24. Retrieved 2020-07-14. [...there are dozens of true pseudosciences, such as astrology and palmistry, ESP and parapsychology, cryptobiology and bioenergetics, bioresonance and iridology, creationism and telegonia, UFOlogy and paleoastronautics, eniology and dianetics, numerology and socionics...]
  3. ^ Sokol'chik, V. N. (2017). "Феномен паранауки и проблема демаркации знания в постнеклассической науке" [The phenomenon of parascience and the problem of demarcation of knowledge in post-nonclassical science]. Труды БГТУ. Сер. 6, История, философия [Proceedings of BSTU (Belarus) Ser.6, History, philosophy] (in Russian). 1 (107): 113–117.
  4. ^ Zhilina V. A.; Nevelev A. B.; Kamaletdinova A. Ya. (2017). "Философия, наука, лженаука и наукообразность" [Philosophy, science, pseudoscience and sciolism]. Вестник Челябинского государственного университета [Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk state University] (in Russian). 4 (400) Философские науки (44): 89–94. [An example of pseudoscience is ... socionics (the idea of Lithuanian economist and psychologist A. Augustinavichiute about the existence of 16 sociotypes, which can be identified with well-known personalities)...]
  5. ^ Salpagarova L. A. (2019). "Самоопределение современной науки: проблема демаркации и ее социальный смысл" [Self-determination of modern science: the problem of demarcation and its social meaning] (PDF). Манускрипт (in Russian). 12 (8): 46–50. doi:10.30853/manuscript.2019.8.23. ISSN 2618-9690. [A special danger for culture is pseudoscience, which exists in the form of a wide variety of forms: from astrology to not so long ago appeared UFOlogy, "socionics", homeopathy, etc.]
  6. ^ Podymov L. I. (2018). Псевдонаука. Разоблачение обмана и заблуждений [Pseudoscience. The Disclosure of Deception and Delusion] (in Russian). p. 478. ISBN 978-5-17-100781-2. [There are also pure pseudosciences in the field of personal predictions that pretend to be serious theories. For example, socionics. Socionics is the concept of personality types and relationships between them. Based on Jung's teaching, socionics deduces the existence of 16 socionic types ... we will refer socionics to the category of pseudoscience, because, having a science-like form, it positions itself as an effective concept, in addition it earns money from its unconfirmed ideas.]
  7. ^ Volkov E. N. (2008). Воздействие психолога: принципы выбора мировоззренческой позиции и профессионального поведения [Influence of a psychologist: principles of choosing a worldview position and professional behavior]. Практическая психология в междисциплинарном аспекте: проблемы и перспективы. Материалы Первой Международной научно-практической конференции, 15-16 октября 2008 г., Днепропетровск [Practical psychology in an interdisciplinary aspect: problems and prospects. Materials of the First International scientific and practical conference, October 15–16, 2008, Dnepropetrovsk] (in Russian). [These concepts and discoveries of the human sciences, oddly enough, are still largely ignored by one part of the practicing psychological community, while another, even more numerous, is exploited exclusively in the form of pseudo-scientific or semi-occult mythological methods (such as NLP, "positive thinking", socionics, etc...)]
  8. ^ E.Ivashechkina; G.Chedzhemov (2019). "Соционика: наука или псевдонаука? Основы соционики" (PDF). Тенденции развития науки и образования (in Russian). 49 (3): 46–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  9. ^ V. Ignatjev (2013). "Соционика -- псевдонаука в облике новейшей отрасли психологии". Вестник Рязанского государственного университета им. С. А. Есенина (in Russian). 2 (39).
  10. ^ T. Abashkina (2015). Формирование психологических терминов на основе прецедентной концептосферы (PDF) (in Russian). pp. 48–54.
  11. ^ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
  12. ^ Sidorina T.V. Practical application of socionics in the evaluation and modeling of professional groups // Bulletin of integrative psychology. - 2007. - Issue. 5. "Socionics, information bionics, the first of the humanities, uses the model as a "tool" for studying and predicting the ecology of consumer relations, the behavior and development of such complex objects, which are people and natural societies widespread in the world".
  13. ^ Krysko V. Dictionary-reference book on social psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. - 416 p. - ISBN 5-314-00021-0 «Socionics is a science that draws its methodology from sociology, computer science and psychology and is focused on the improvement of society...»
  14. ^ Sharkov F.I. Communicology. Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book. Proc. allowance . - M. : ITK "Dashkov and K", 2009. - 766 p. ISBN 978-5-394-00101-7 «Socionics is a branch of knowledge that, with the help of formal-logical and mathematical apparatus, studies the information processes taking place in society».
  15. ^ Fink G.; Mayrhofer W. (2009). "Cross-cultural competence and management — setting the stage". European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management. 1 (1): 42. doi:10.1504/EJCCM.2009.026733. Archived from the original on 2012-12-06.[ «Personality profiling encompasses numerous models that arise from personality trait theory. In the context of this article, four models deserve special attention due to their importance in personality research and/or their appropriateness for the topic: Socionics (founded in the 1970s by Ausra Augustinavichiute, e.g., Augustinavichiute, 1994, 1998); cybernetic mindscape theory (Maruyama, 1980; Boje, 2004); the five factor model (FFM), commonly called the ‘big five’ personality trait model (Costa and McCrae, 1992); the personality type theory of the Myers-Briggs type inventory (MBTI, see McKenna et al., 2002). These models are independent and unrelated...»]
  16. ^ Horwood J., Maw A. Theatre Teams Assembled Using Personality Profiles Can Improve Predicted Teamworking Scores // Bulletin of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. - 2012. - Vol. 94. - No 3. - Pp. 1-6. «Socionics is a relatively new science developed and popularised by Ausra Augustinaviciute in the 1970s».
  17. ^ Silin A.N. Social management: Dictionary-reference book: textbook. - M.: Universitetskaya kniga, 2009. - 176 p. - ISBN-978-5-98704-431-6 Reviewers: V.V. Markin, Doctor of Sociology, Prof.; A.P. Egorshin, Doctor of Economics, Prof.; O.M. Roy, Doctor of Sociology, prof. Recommendations: Approved by the UMO of Russian universities for education in the field of management as a teaching aid in the specialty "Management of Organizations" «Socionics is the science of stable types of human thinking and behavior (sociotypes), human communities, patterns of relationships (information exchange) between representatives of different sociotypes. A new science emerged at the intersection of psychology, sociology, philosophy within the framework of social management. Its forerunner should be considered the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), and the direct creator of the Lithuanian researcher Aushra Augustinavichute in the early 70s. 20th century Socionics allows you to identify the type of person, to predict his relationship with representatives of other types (16 sociotypes in total...). Various tools are used to identify types, but mainly observation and testing... In recent years, Russian companies have been increasingly using socionic tools for recruiting personnel».
  18. ^ Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology: Textbook for universities / Ed. Prof. V. I. Dobrenkov - M.: Gardaryka, 1998. - 244 p. - ISBN 5-7762-0041-5 «In this direction of research, a new system of knowledge emerged - socionics, and more rigorous methods of formalization in the study of people's attitudes and behavior appeared».
  19. ^ Kalmykov V.N. Fundamentals of Philosophy: Study Guide Minsk: Vysh. school (Higher School), 2003. - 541 p. (2nd ed., revised and expanded) ISBN 985-06-0725-4. "Since the 70s of the XX century, socionics has been developing - the science of human capabilities and the relationship of people."
  20. ^ Tanaev V., Karnaukh I. Practical psychology of management - M. : AST-Press, 2003. - 293 p. - ISBN 5-462-00021-9 «Lithuanian researcher Ausra Augustinavichute connected two different areas of knowledge - the theory of psychotypes and informatics, and as a result a new science appeared - socionics ... Her undoubted merit is the development of a system of models and signs, an analytical apparatus for describing the information structure of the human psyche, as well as the study of information interactions between psychotypes , which are called intertype relationships».
  21. ^ Arutyunov V. Kh., Mishin V. M., Svintsitskyi V. M. Methodology of socio-economic cognition: Education. manual. — K.: KNEU, 2005. — 353 c. - ISBN 966–574–000–0 «Socionics emerged in the 1970s and early 1980s. Since its inception, this scientific discipline has been characterized by a consistent and holistic examination of the human psyche and behavior. It is difficult to list all areas of its application. Knowledge of socionics can be used to harmonize family and marital relations, stabilize relationships in the team, self-management, formation of creative groups, etc. In other words, the laws of socionics can be seen in all spheres of human activity or the organization of collectives, from the smallest - such as a family - to society as a whole. These regularities are often observed in politics, science, and culture».
  22. ^ Blutner R. Hochnadel E. Two qubits for C.G. Jung's theory of personality//Cognitive Systems Research,2010 |v.11 (3): 243–259, http://blutner.de/Documents/Jung_rev.pdf,doi=10.1016/j.cogsys.2009.12.002 «Socionics was developed in the 1970s and 1980s mainly by the Lithuanian researcher Aušra Augustinavičiūtė. The name 'socionics' is derived from the word 'society, since Augustinavicˇiute believed that each personality type has a distinct purpose in society, which can be described and explained by socionics... socionics tries to understand Jung's intuitive system and to provide a deeper explanation for it, mainly in terms of informational metabolism (Kepinski & PZWL, 1972). Further, socionics is not so much a theory of personalities per se, but much more a theory of type relations providing an analysis of the relationships that arise as a consequence of the interaction of people with different personalities».
  23. ^ Baronin A.S. Ethnic psychology. - Kyiv: Tandem, 2000. - 264 p. - ISBN 966-7145-17-4 «The problem of predicting the relations of ethnic communities can be solved by applying the information model of relations proposed by A. Augustinavichute».
  24. ^ Mathematical psychology: School V.Yu. Krylov. - Institute of Psychology RAS, 2010. - 503 p. - ISBN 978-5-9270-0115-5 «It is possible to consider other theories, for example, socionics, and the corresponding models of the subject, corresponding to the J-model and the A-model of socionics».
  25. ^ Genkin B.M. Introduction to metaeconomics and foundations of economic sciences: a course of lectures. St. Petersburg, 2004, 384 pages. ISBN: 5-16-000783-0 Resume. The first textbook in Russia on meta-economics and the foundations of economic sciences was prepared on the basis of lecture courses given by the author to students and postgraduate students of St. Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics. Most topics were discussed at scientific conferences and seminars in Russia and Germany. The basic concepts of economic sciences and elements of their theoretical core are determined. Suggested: the structure of the human model in economic systems; models of economic activity, income distribution and models of socio-economic relations. The problems of the quality of life and the evolution of social systems are considered. A significant place in the textbook is given to the presentation of problems related to the needs, potential and motives of human activity. For students, graduate students and teachers of economic universities and faculties, specialists in enterprise management. [«There are a number of physiological, psychological and sociological methods of team selection based on the analysis of signs that determine the compatibility of people in the performance of certain functions. In recent years, the problems of people's compatibility have been studied within the framework of socionics - a science that arose on the basis of ideas about psychological types».]
  26. ^ MELECA, Olga. Socionica – tipologia psihosocială a personalității. In: Anale Ştiințifice ale IP USMF “Nicolae Testemiţanu”. Ed. a 10-a. Chișinău: CEP Medicina, 2009, Vol. 2: Probleme actuale de sănătate publică și management, pp. 354-358 [ «Socionics is a science that explores the informational organization of the human conscience. Starting from the principal traits of the surrounding world and the way of perception of these traits, the eight fundamental functions of the mind are introduced. The mutual relationship between these functions (but also the general structure of perception) determines the configuration of the type of the informational metabolism (TIM). The author of this paper has chosen the objective of revealing the dependence between the domain of human activity and the TIM of the people engaged in this domain»] https://repository.usmf.md/handle/20.500.12710/3614?mode=full
  27. ^ Ryzhikov Yu.I. Work on a dissertation in technical sciences. - St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg, 2007. - 512 p. - ISBN-978-5-9775-0138-5 Reviewers: R.M. Yusupov, corresponding member RAS, director of the St. Petersburg Institute of Informatics and Automation Recommendations: For graduate students, doctoral students and applicants for scientific degrees, students of technical universities and teachers [ «For leaders of research teams, the section[194] on intertype relationships is very interesting. The most promising areas of socionics are the study and formation of small groups, as well as its application to large groups...»]
  28. ^ Vykhrystiuk M.O., Yukhnov B.Yu. The use of socionics to improve the system of non-material motivation of the personnel of machine-building enterprises // Mashinobuduvannya. — 2011. — No. 7–8. ISSN 2079 – 1747. «Socionics is a science that studies the process of information exchange between a person and the outside world, that is, how people perceive, process and release information. It is also possible to define socionics as the science of types of psycho-informational systems (man, collective, ethnic group, state) and interactions between them [4]».
  29. ^ Sisekin V.M. Psychology of management. - Kaliningrad: BIEF publishing house, 1998. - 126 p. About the author: Sisekin Vladimir Mikhailovich, Ph.D (psychological sciences) Recommendations: NOU HPE "Baltic Institute of Economics and Finance" Contents: Psychology of human relationships Human behavior in an organization The group as an object of management and the basis of the organization Personality in the group Leadership and leadership Socionics Communications in the organization
  30. ^ Shragina L., Meerovich M. Technology of creative thinking. - M.: Alpina Business Books, 2008. - 491 p. - ISBN-978-5-9614-0881-2 What is obvious to one may be an intractable problem to another. (These issues are discussed in socionics, psychology of understanding, etc.
  31. ^ Abashkina T. L. //IX Svyatogorsk, IX Mikhailovsky onomastic readings. 2015. «PROPER NOUN AS A SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT (BASED ON SOCIONIC’S TERMS) The article deals with approaches to the definition and study of proper nouns, describes the specifics of precedent names, as well as some aspects of precedent names as terms of socionics. Socionics is one of the concepts of personality types and relations between them. Author of the socionic theory Aushra Augustinavichute, rethinking in his 1980 work "On the dual nature of man" Jung's typology and theory informational metabolism of A. Kempinsky, describes elements of the psyche (“socionic functions”), with the help of which a person interacts with the corresponding "information aspects" of the surrounding world. Based different options for combining socionic functions in socionics, it is customary to single out 16 personality types with a certain informational metabolism. Socionics proceeds from the position that different types of personality perceive and process “informational aspects” surrounding reality due to the difference in development relevant functions. These personality types are called socionic types or TIM (type of information metabolism)... As socionic analysis shows scientific literature, in ‘‘real’’, scientific socionics it is considered bad form to use pseudonymous names of types, this remains the lot of ‘‘popular’’, ‘‘folk’’ socionics».
  32. ^ a b c Bogomaz, Sergey (2000). Psychological types of C. Jung. Psychophysiological types and intertype relationships. Methodical aid (in Russian). Tomsk.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  33. ^ Nesterenko, A.I., Vasilyev, V.N., Medvedev, M.A. et al.// Physiological and Psychological Expression of Personality Types. Human Physiology 29, 729–734 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HUMP.0000008846.76263.b9
  34. ^ Panchulazyan, K. A. POLYGRAPHOLOGICAL PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF TYPES CHARACTER OF ATHLETS//Electronic Journal of Natural Sciences, 2019, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p36-39. 4p.
  35. ^ Krivo Yu.A. SOCIONICS. PHYSIOLOGY. COGNITIVE SCIENCE. MODEL OF HUMAN FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS FOR USE IN PSYCHOLOGY//Man, Art, Universe, №1, 2018, p.90-102, http://iidp.ru/paper/files/sbornik_2018.pdf
  36. ^ Fink G.; Mayrhofer W. (2009). "Cross-cultural competence and management — setting the stage". European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management. 1 (1): 42. doi:10.1504/EJCCM.2009.026733. Archived from the original on 2012-12-06.[ Personality profiling encompasses numerous models that arise from personality trait theory. In the context of this article, four models deserve special attention due to their importance in personality research and/or their appropriateness for the topic: Socionics (founded in the 1970s by Ausra Augustinavichiute, e.g., Augustinavichiute, 1994, 1998); cybernetic mindscape theory (Maruyama, 1980; Boje, 2004); the five factor model (FFM), commonly called the 'big five' personality trait model (Costa and McCrae, 1992); the personality type theory of the Myers-Briggs type inventory (MBTI, see McKenna et al., 2002). These models are independent and unrelated...]
  37. ^ Mathematical psychology: Shkola V.Yu. Krylov. - Institute of Psychology RAS, 2010. - 503 p. - ISBN 978-5-9270-0115-5 It is possible to consider other theories, for example, socionics, and the corresponding models of the subject, corresponding to the J-model and the A-model of socionics.
  38. ^ Research methods of psychological structures and their dynamics. Issue 3. Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2005. ISBN 5044392103, 9785044392106 Based on the methods of qualitative analysis of the system (1), (see, for example, 2), phase portraits of all 16 socionic types were studied for the case Y=X=0. Mathematically, this means the autonomy of the system, from a meaningful point of view, the spontaneity of mental processes.
  39. ^ a b c Augustinavichiute A. (1996). "Социон, или Основы соционики" [The Socion, or Socionics Basics]. Соционика, ментология и психология личности [Socionics, mentology and personality psychology] (in Russian) (4–5). International Institute of Socionics.
  40. ^ Fink G.; Mayrhofer W. (2009). "Cross-cultural competence and management – setting the stage". European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management. 1 (1): 42. doi:10.1504/EJCCM.2009.026733. Archived from the original on 2012-12-06.
  41. ^ Donnellan M. B.; Lucas R. E. (2008). "Age Differences in the Big Five Across the Life Span: Evidence from Two National Samples". Psychology and Aging. 23 (3): 558–566. doi:10.1037/a0012897. PMC 2562318. PMID 18808245.
  42. ^ a b Gerlach, M.; Farb, B.; Revelle, W.; Nunes Amaral, L. A. (2018). [h2ttps://amaral.northwestern.edu/media/publication_pdfs/2018_NHB_Personality-types.pdf "A robust data-driven approach identifies four personality types across four large data sets"] (PDF). Nature Human Behaviour. 2 (2): 735–742. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0419-z. PMID 31406291. S2CID 52290166.
  43. ^ Никандров, В. В. (2009). Психология: учебник. Wolters Kluwer. p. 779. ISBN 978-5-466-00413-7.
  44. ^ Nesterenko, A.I., Vasilyev, V.N., Medvedev, M.A. et al. Physiological and Psychological Expression of Personality Types. Human Physiology 29, 729–734 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HUMP.0000008846.76263.b9
  45. ^ Krivo Yu.A. SOCIONICS. PHYSIOLOGY. COGNITIVE SCIENCE. MODEL OF HUMAN FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS FOR USE IN PSYCHOLOGY//Man, Art, Universe, №1, 2018, p.90-102, http://iidp.ru/paper/files/sbornik_2018.pdf
  46. ^ Panchulazyan, K. A. POLYGRAPHOLOGICAL PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF TYPES CHARACTER OF ATHLETS//Electronic Journal of Natural Sciences, 2019, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p36-39. 4p.
  47. ^ "Socionics: Personality Types and Relationships". Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  48. ^ Sedikh R. (1994). Информационный психоанализ. Соционика как метапсихология [Informational psychoanalysis. Socionics as a metapsychology] (in Russian). НПП Менатеп-Траст. ISBN 5-900449-02-5. Archived from the original on 2010-06-26.
  49. ^ a b Blutner R.; Hochnadel E. (2010). "Two qubits for C.G. Jung's theory of personality" (PDF). Cognitive Systems Research. 11 (3): 243–259. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2009.12.002. S2CID 5417327.
  50. ^ a b c Horwood, J; Maw, A (1 March 2012). "Theatre Teams Assembled Using Personality Profiles Can Improve Predicted Teamworking Scores". The Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 94 (3). Royal College of Surgeons of England: 1–6. doi:10.1308/147363512x13189526439791. ISSN 1473-6357.
  51. ^ Bukalov A.V. The potential of the individual and the mysteries of human relationships. – Moscow, International Institute of Socionics, PG "Black Squirrel", 2009. ISBN 978-5-91827-004-2
  52. ^ Chechik I.V. Accounting for the individual psychological characteristics of American trainees in the conditions of short-term teaching of the Russian language in Russia. // Philosophical age. Almanac. Issue. 32. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Center for the History of Ideas, 2006. - 345 p. - S. 44-51.
  53. ^ Panarin I.N., Panarina L. Information war and peace. - Olma Media Group, 2003. - 382 p. - ISBN 5224043972, 9785224043972 In socionics, a person is considered as an information system that has specific communication channels, with their characteristic limitations. Human communication is accordingly regarded as an exchange of information.
  54. ^ Müller, H. J.; Malsch, Th.; Schulz-Schaeffer, I. (1998). "Socionics: Introduction and Potential". Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. 1 (3).
  55. ^ Fisher, K.; Florian, M.; Malsch, Th. (2005). Socionics: Scalability of Complex Social Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer. p. 313. ISBN 978-3-540-30707-5. Google Books
  56. ^ Vykhrystiuk M.O., Yukhnov B.Yu. The use of socionics to improve the system of non-material motivation of the personnel of machine-building enterprises // Mechanical engineering. - 2011. - No. 7–8. ISSN 2079 – 1747. "Socionics is a science that studies the process of information exchange between a person and the outside world, that is, how people perceive, process and release information. It is also possible to define socionics as the science of types of psycho-informational systems (man, collective, ethnic group, state) and interactions between them [4]."
  57. ^ Bukalov A.V. //Integrated Types of Collectives, Nations, States. Ethnosocionics. socionics, mentality and personality psychology. K., 1998, no. 5, pp. 34-45. "The basic rules of integrated socionics are formulated. The integrated types of information metabolism of collectives, organizations, nations, ethnoses and states, their psychoinformational structure and interactions are considered. The methods of the ethnos and state types description are considered in ethnosocionics as the component of integrated socionics".
  58. ^ Dimitar Kenarov//Economics and Management. ISSN: 2367-7600; 1312-594X Volume: XVII, Issue: 1, Year: 2020, pp. 147-163 "Socionic analysis, along with the theory of Integral Socionics" (Bukalov, 1998, 2009), is a powerful tool for exploring the psycho-information peculiarities of different systems and subsystems in society (nations, ethnicities, states, communities, subcultures, as well as social, religious and ethnic minority groups). The factors of integration in each community are based on common values, properties and characteristics, and therefore are directly related to the integral informational metabolism."
  59. ^ International Institute of Socionics. "Журналы Международного института соционики" [Journals of the International Institute of Socionics] (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-07-07. Российской Академией естественных наук (РАЕН) соционика признана открытием, а ее создатель – Аушра Аугустинавичюте – награждена дипломом об открытии и медалью им.П.Л.Капицы [The Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS) recognized socionics as a discovery, and its creator, Aushra Augustinavichute, was awarded a diploma of discovery and a medal named after P. L. Kapitsa.]
  60. ^ "Регистрация открытий" [Registration of discoveries]. old.ihst.ru (in Russian).
  61. ^ Bukalov, A.V.; Karpenko, O.B.; Chykyrysova, G.V. "The effective management and staff consulting with the use of the socionics technologies" (PDF). International Institute of Socionics.
  62. ^ Bukalov A. at al. Socionics: Review of science. – International Institute of Socionics, Kyiv, 1992
  63. ^ a b Betty Lou Leaver Oxford, Rebecca TITLE Mentoring in Style: Using Style Information To Enhance Mentoring of Foreign Language Teachers.PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 35p.; In: Mentoring Foreign Language Teaching Assistants, Lecturers, and Adjunct Faculty. Issues in Language Program Direction: A Series in Annual Volumes;
  64. ^ Fink G.; Mayrhofer W. (2009). "Cross-cultural competence and management — setting the stage". European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management. 1 (1): 42. doi:10.1504/EJCCM.2009.026733. Archived from the original on 2012-12-06.
  65. ^ a b Blutner R.; Hochnadel E. (2010). "Two qubits for C.G. Jung's theory of personality" (PDF). Cognitive Systems Research. 11 (3): 243–259. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2009.12.002. S2CID 5417327. Socionics was developed in the 1970s and 1980s mainly by the Lithuanian researcher Aušra Augustinavičiūtė. The name 'socionics' is derived from the word 'society, since Augustinavicˇiute believed that each personality type has a distinct purpose in society, which can be described and explained by socionics. The system of socionics is in several respects similar to the MBTI; however, whereas the latter is dominantly used in the USA and Western Europe, the former is mainly used in Russia and Eastern Europe. For more information, the reader is referred to the website of the International Institute of Socionics and to several scientific journals edited by this institution<http://socionic.info/en/esocjur.html#top>. Despite of several similarities there are also important differences. For instance, the MBTI is based on questionnaires with so-called forced-choice questions. Forced choice means that the individual has to choose only one of two possible answers to each question. Obviously, such tests are self-referential. That means they are based on judgments of persons about themselves. Socionics rejects the use of such questionnaires and is based on interviews and direct observation of certain aspects of human behavior instead. However, if personality tests are well constructed and their questions are answered properly, we expect results that often make sense. For that reason, we do not reject test questions principally, but we have to take into account their self-referential character. Another difference relates to the fact that socionics tries to understand Jung's intuitive system and to provide a deeper explanation for it, mainly in terms of informational metabolism (Kepinski & PZWL, 1972). Further, socionics is not so much a theory of personalities per se, but much more a theory of type relations providing an analysis of the relationships that arise as a consequence of the interaction of people with different personalities.
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  72. ^ Betty Lou Leaver, Madeline Ehrman, Boris Shekhtman: Achieving Success in Second Language Acquisition. – Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 052154663X
  73. ^ Moshenkov, Sergei; Wing, Tung Tang (2010). MBTI and Socionics: Legacy of Dr. Carl Jung. CreateSpace. p. 216. ISBN 978-1452835648.
  74. ^ Шмелев Александр Георгиевич (2010). УЖЕ НЕ СОЦИОНИКА, НО ЕЩЕ НЕ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ. Вестник ЮУрГУ [Bulletin of SUSU]. Psychology (in Russian). 27 (203): 104–108.
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  77. ^ основная образовательная программа высшего профессионального образования. Направление подготовки 040100 "Социология" Archived 2012-11-24 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Title can be translated as: Approximate basic educational program of higher education. Direction of training 040100 "Sociology"
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  79. ^ Ivanova, Svetlana V. (2015). "Psychological Aspects of Innovations in Educational Institutions" (PDF). Modern European Researches (6). ISSN 2311-8806. Let's notice that the relation of psychologists to socionics is ambiguous. As it is noted by A.V. Bukalov and O.B. Karpenko, wide circulation of socionics as scientific direction is confirmed by that for the last 15 years socionics ideas and methods are used approximately in 800 theses according to all sections of the humanities and in a number of technical sciences. Now socionics is taught in more than 150 universities of Russia, Ukraine, the CIS countries and countries of the European Union.
  80. ^ "Соционика в учебном процессе: вузы, программы, учебные планы: по данным мониторинга публикаций, проводимого Международным институтом соционики" [Socionics in education: Universities, programs, curricula: According to monitoring of publications conducted by the International Institute of Socionics]. International Institute of Socionics (in Russian).
  81. ^ Струкчинская Е.М.; Струкчинский С.; Разгоняева Е.В. (2011). Соционика: Учебное пособие. Бийск [Biysk]: Алт. гос. техн. ун-та [Alt. state tech. un-ta]. ISBN 978-5-9257-0205-5.
  82. ^ Антошкин В.Н., Адиев М.Я., Гайбадуллин В.Р. и др. Соционика и социоанализ : учеб. пособие. – Уфа: БашГУ, 2003. ISBN 5-7477-0906-2
  83. ^ Гафаров А.А., Петрушин С.В. История и соционика. Метод социоанализа психологии ист. персонажей : Справ.-метод. пособие / Казан. гос. ун-т, Каф. полит. истории, Каф. психологии. – Казань.: КГУ, 1996.
  84. ^ Орловская Л.М., Орловский И.О. "Основы соционики". Был успешно апробирован и является основным учебно-методическим пособием по курсу "Основы соционики" для студентов психологов и менеджеров Красноярского государственного педагогического университета
  85. ^ Психология: учебник/ В.В. Никандров . – М.: Волтерс Клувер, 2009. ISBN 978-5-466-00413-7 Рекомендовано к изданию в качестве учебника редакционно-издательским советом факультета психологии Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета
  86. ^ Арутюнов В. Х., Мішин В. М., Свінціцький В. М. Методологія соціально-економічного пізнання Archived March 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Навч. посібник. — К.: КНЕУ, 2005. — 353 c. ((in Ukrainian). Title can be translated as: Arutyunov V. H., Mishin V. M. and Svintsitskyi V. M. Methodology of socio-economic knowledge)
  87. ^ a b Alexandrova N. H., Boyadjieva N., Sapundzhieva K., Kolarova C. D. "Социониката в социалната сфера Archived 2013-09-17 at archive.today"- Sofia Univ.izd. St. Kliment Ohridski, 2004. – 149 p. ISBN 954-07-1876-7
  88. ^ László-Kuţiuk M. Ghid de autocunoasţere. Elemente de socionică. – București, 2000. ISBN 973-97141-5-3.
  89. ^ Суртаева Н. Н., Иванова О. Н.Педагогическая соционика и проблемы конфликтных взаимодействий. — СПб. ИОВ РАО, 2002. ISBN 5-258-00021-4 (in Russian). Title can be translated as: Surtaeva N. N., Ivanova O. N. Educational socionics and problems of conflict interactions
  90. ^ Федорова В.К. Использование педагогической соционики в решении конфликтных взаимодействий субъектов образовательного процесса Автореферат дисс. канд. пед. наук. — Омск, 1998. ((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Fedorova V. K. Using Educational Socionics in resolving conflict interactions in educational process. – Summary of the thesis candidate. ped. sciences. – Omsk, 1998.)
  91. ^ Антошкин В. Н. Оптимизация управления системой коммуникативной деятельности в социальной работе (2004). (in Russian). Title can be translated as: Antoshkin V. N. Optimization of system management communication activity in social work
  92. ^ a b Ариничева Ольга Викторовна. Совершенствование методов управления ресурсами системы "экипаж – воздушное судно" путем снижения отрицательного влияния человеческого фактора на безопасность полетов : диссертация ... кандидата технических наук : 05.22.14 / Ариничева Ольга Викторовна; [Место защиты: С.-Пет. гос. ун-т граждан. авиации]. – Санкт-Петербург, 2008. – 256 с. : ил. РГБ ОД, 61:08-5/858 Socionics application in Aviation Archived 2011-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ Типовая учебная программа по дисциплине: "Подготовка авиационного персонала в области человеческого фактора" ((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Model curriculum for the discipline: Flight Crew Training in the field of human factors)
  94. ^ Грачев В. И. Библиотечная соционика — новое направление изучения библиотечной жизни // Научные и технические библиотеки. — 1993. — No. 7. — p. 19–20.((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Grachev V. I. Library socionics – a new direction of studying the life of the library // Scientific and technical libraries. – 1993. – No. 7. – P.19-20.)
  95. ^ Исаева Е.Н. Перспективы соционики в библиотечном менеджменте // Московский государственный университет культуры и искусств. — М., 1999—2008. ((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Isayeva E. N. Perspectives of Socionics in Library Management // Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. – M., 1999–2008.)
  96. ^ Гуленко В. В., Тыщенко В. П. Юнг в школе. Соционика — межвозрастной педагогике. — Новосибирск: изд-во Новосибирского университета, 1997. ISBN 5-89441-014-2. (in Russian). Title can be translated as: Gulenko V. V. and Tyshchenko V. P. Socionics to between-age pedagogy. – Novosibirsk: Publishing House of Novosibirsk State University, 1997.
  97. ^ Богданова І.М. Шляхи вдосконалення професійної підготовки майбутніх учителів // Наукa і освіта. — 2011. — No. 4. — Ch. 1. — p. 34–36. ((in Ukrainian). Title can be translated as: Bogdanova I. M. The ways to improve the training of future teachers // Science and education. – 2011. – No. 4. – Part 1. – Pp. 34–36.)
  98. ^ Бобков В. В. Дифференцированный подход к обучению Archived 2013-12-25 at the Wayback Machine: психо-информационная точка зрения. Часть 1 // Электронный научный журнал "Исследовано в России". — 2006. — p. 371—400.((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Bobkov V. V. A differentiated approach to teaching: psycho-informational point of view. Part 1 // Electronic Scientific Journal "Investigated in Russia". – 2006. – Pp. 371–400.)
  99. ^ Иванов Ю. В. Деловая соционика — М.: Бизнес-школа "Интел-Синтез", 2001. (Библиотека журнала "Управление персоналом"). ((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Ivanov Ju. V. Business socionics – Moscow Business School "Intel-Synthesis", 2001. (Library of the "Personnel Management" Journal). )
  100. ^ Измайлова М. А. Психология рекламной деятельности. Практическое пособие. — М. ИТК "Дашков и К", 2009. ISBN 978-5-394-00261-8. ((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Izmailova M. A. Psychology of advertising. Practical Guide. – Moscow, 2009.)
  101. ^ Киселева Е.С. Роль и значение потребителя в системе маркетинга и способы управления поведением на основе соционики // Известия Томского политехнического университета. — 2008. — No. 6. — Т. 312. — p. 59–64.((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Kiseleva E. S. The role and importance of the consumer in the marketing system and ways of control consumer's behavior on the basis of socionics // Proceedings of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. – 2008. – No. 6. – Vol. 312. – p. 59-64.
  102. ^ Ласло-Куцюк М. Ключ до белетристики. — Бухарест: Мустанг, 2002. ISBN 973-99400-6-4. ((in Ukrainian). Title can be translated as: László-Kuţiuk M. The key to fiction. – București: Mustang, 2002.)
  103. ^ Комиссарова Л. М. Лингвосоционическая методология изучения языковой личности в русском языке. Автореф. дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. филол. наук — Барнаул: Изд-во АГУ, 2002. — 23 с. ((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Komissarova L. M. Linguistic-socionic methodology of study of language personality in the Russian language.)
  104. ^ Хачмафова З.Р. Лексико-тематическая группа "чувство" в лексиконе современной женской прозы. // Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета. — 2009. — No. 1. (in Russian). Title can be translated as: Hachmafova Z. R. Lexical-thematic group "feeling" in the lexicon of contemporary women's prose. // Bulletin of Adyghe State University. – 2009. – No. 1
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  106. ^ Залогина Е.М. Языковая личность: лингвистический и психологический аспекты: На материале романа «Бесы» и «Дневника писателя» Ф.М. Достоевского: Автореферат дисс. … канд. филол. наук. — М., 2005. ((in Russian). Title can be translated as: Zalogina E. M. Language personality: linguistic and psychological aspects: based on the novel "Demons" and "Diary of a Writer" by F. M. Dostoevsky.)
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  113. ^ Vice-president of Deutsche Bank Andrey Pluzhnikov: "In this case it is really important to recall for socionics and related fields ... its accessible methodology that helps to determine a person's type through numerous binary features. For example, it helps to understand is he an extrovert or an introvert, is he better in working with details and facts or he has more intuitive mind, is he able to finish his work or he is easy involved in a new activity. By creating this profile we can evaluate does the specific person is able to handle the exact task and only after that we have a look on his certificates and working experience. That's how we are working in Deutsche Bank." http://www.iemag.ru/interview/detail.php?ID=25314
  114. ^ Ivanov Y.V. Business socionics. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. – Moscow, Magazine: HR Management, 2004. ISBN 5-95630-011-6. Quote: Book dedicated to one of the most new and prospective areas in organizational psychology – socionics. Book is designed to assess the base criterion for evaluation individual-psychological and personal qualities in order to prognosis professional success of the person, it reflects two-years experience of using socionics model in evaluating staff at enterprises of company "Russian Aluminum".
  115. ^ Silin A.N. (2009). Social management: Dictionary-Handbook: Textbook. Moscow. Socionics is devoted to the study of how people interact with each other, compatibility of their sustainable types of thinking and behavior (sociotype) and patterns of relationships (information metabolism) between different sociotypes. Socionics as a new science derives a great deal from psychology, sociology, philosophy within social management. Carl Gustav Jung considered to be a forerunner of socionics and Augustinavičiūtė developed it to a new science in the early 1970s Socionics helps to define person's type and to prognoses relationships with other sociotypes (16 sociotypes, that formed from different combinations of extroverts and introverts, rationalists and irrationalists, logical, ethical, sensory or intuitive types). Different tools are used to define sociotypes, this involves observing and testing based on well-known test methods as MBTI, Buns, semantic differential. In recent years socionics tools are widely applied by Russian companies to recruitment{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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